<p>Mount Pentelicus or Pentelikon  is a mountain range in Attica, Greece, situated northeast of Athens and southwest of Marathon. Its highest point is the peak Pyrgari, with an elevation of 1,109 m. The mountain is covered in large part with forest , and can be seen from southern Athens , the Pedia plain, Parnitha, and the southern part of the northern suburbs of Athens. Houses surround the mountain, especially in Vrilissia, Penteli, Ekali, Dionysos and north of Gerakas.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times it was also called Brilissos or Brilittos (Βριλησσός, Βριληττός) which is the origin of the name of the nearby suburb of Vrilissia.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Even since antiquity, Mount Pentelicus has been famous for its marble, which was used for the construction of buildings on the Acropolis and other buildings of ancient Athens. Pentelic marble is flawless white with a uniform, faint yellow tint, which makes it shine with a golden hue under sunlight. The ancient quarry is protected by law, and used exclusively to obtain material for the Acropolis Restoration Project. The roadway used to transport marble blocks from the quarry to the Acropolis in antiquity is a continual downhill, and follows the natural lay of the land. It has been researched and fully documented by the chief Acropolis restoration architect, Professor Manolis Korres, in his award-winning book From Pentelicon to the Parthenon. A monastery is also located in the middle of the mountain, north-east of city centre.</p><br>
<h2>Fires</h2><br>
<p>A fire in early July 1995 consumed much of the mountain forest, and the eastern half became residential districts of the Athens area. The volume of smoke was tremendous; it nearly covered the entire northeastern part of Athens, and all terrestrial televisual media covered the fire. The blaze lasted about 5 days; it reached east of Penteli about 5:30 p.m. local time, and then into the Pentelis and Vrilissia, consuming a group of houses on Friday night (about 9:00 p.m. EET, 7:00 p.m. UTC), the northern range on Saturday morning, Rhea on Saturday afternoon, Anoixi on Monday, and the Dionysus communities on Saturday. It consumed three quarters of the slopes of Mount Pentelicus, and was the worst forest fire Athens and Greece had seen in the 20th century. Housing development took place in the eastern half of the mountain which removed what was left of nature from the mountain, and streets are grid and circular. Many are luxurious and several houses were later added; a mining area also removed what was left from nature in the eastern half. The northern half remains heavily forested.</p><br>
<p>A series of fires also occurred after the major fire devastated the mountain range, from 1998 to 2001. Many of the fires were arson-related and suspects were arrested. After the major forest fire of July 1995, three years later in the area of Drafi, mudslides blocked roads as a rock clogged off a residential road; a series of mudslides also occurred several years later and devastated some homes, continuing in part to this day.</p><br>
<p>Yet again, twelve years after the major fire, flames once more encroached on the urban areas of Athens from June 30, 2007, the same day as the Parnitha fire, and a minor fire was seen northeast of Vrilissia, in which tens of houses and properties fell to the flames, along with its forests. The fire even burnt its dry grass which was the chief pattern of spread; the people of the area now favour removal of dry grass from future wildfires. The blaze burnt tens of hectares and lasted through the late afternoon to the late-night hours, and was seen as far as neighbourhood streets and broader Athens. One and a half months later, a huge fire yet again battered the forests adjoining Penteli and Vrilissia. This time the wildfire was larger and more destructive, with flames towering as high as 50 to 60 m, and almost blocking any view of the sky, along with an attendant smoke. The blaze spread, burning tens or hundreds buildings, many of them near the forested areas, and a western portion 10 km long from north to south, and 4 to 5 km wide from east to west. Firefighters along with the neighbourhoods panicked residents battled the blaze on neighbourhood streets, and helicopters sprayed the blaze. The fire had begun in the afternoon hours and quickly spread. One conflagration burnt trees in seconds, another extended to balconies with grills destroyed, and several roofs collapsed - the blaze lasted into the evening hours and its head burnt near the town, while Vrilissia, eastern Nea Erythraia, Ekali, and Dionyssos were also hit. Its cause, like most of the fires of 2007, was arson; a former firefighter was charged with fire-setting and has been sentenced and jailed. During the countrys worst ever fire, which broke the 1950s record on August 26, 2007, flames sparked by arson ravaged the forests of the remainder of the area around Mount Pentelicus and burnt pine, spruce and fir trees, lasting for several days; this was not the same blaze that had arrived from Keratea and Markopoulo to the south. Penteli was on high alert during the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Cévennes  are a range of mountains in south-central France, covering parts of the départements of Ardèche, Gard, Hérault and Lozère.</p><br>
<p>The word Cévennes comes from the Gaulish Cebenna, which was Latinized by Julius Caesar to Cevenna. The Cévennes are named Cemmenon (Κέμμενων) in Strabo&#39;s Geographica.</p><br>
<p>In French, the adjective derived from "Cévennes" is Cévenol (fem. Cévenole), as in dIndys Symphonie Cévenole, a composer of Ardèche origin (known in English as his Symphony on a French Mountain Air).</p><br>
<p>The mountain range also gives its name to a meteorological effect when cold air from the Atlantic coast meets warm air of southern winds from the Mediterranean and causes heavy autumnal downpours, often leading to floods. These are called épisodes cévenols.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Extent</h3><br>
<p>In the larger sense, the Cevennes include 9 départements: le Tarn, lAude, lHérault, lAveyron, le Gard, la Lozère, lArdèche, le Rhône et la Loire. More strictly the Cevennes encompasses the Lozère and the Gard. The Parc national des Cévennes is almost entirely within Lozère.</p><br>
<p>The principal towns and villages of the Cevennes are Alès, Le Vigan, Sumène, Valleraugue, Ganges, Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort, Sauve, Lasalle, Saint-André-de-Valborgne, Saint-Jean-du-Gard, Anduze, Florac, Saint-Germain-de-Calberte, le Pont-de-Montvert, Villefort, Génolhac, Bessèges, Saint-Ambroix, Gagnières, Les Vans, Mende.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The Cévennes are on the south-eastern flank of the Massif Central. They run from southwest (Cause Noire) to northeast (Monts du Vivarais), with the highest point being the Mont Lozère (1702m). The Mont Aigoual (1567m) is on the border of the two department. The Loire and Allier flowing towards the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Ardèche and tributary Chassezac, Cèze, the different Gardons to the Rhône, Vidourle, Hérault and Dourbie rivers that flow to the Mediterranean Sea, have their headwaters in the Cévennes. Cévennes National Park was created in the region in 1970 and the Parc Naturel Régional des Monts d&#39;Ardèche also preserves some of the natural areas. Two canyons are near the region: the Gorges de la Jonte (the Jonte River gorge) and the Gorges du Tarn (the Tarn River gorge). This is a socio-economic marginal region, while bio-geographically, there is altitudinal stratification and a gradient between the mountainous centre and the mediterranean littoral ecologies.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The Cévennes form the south eastern fragment of the Massif Central, separated from the related Montagnes Noires by the limestone Causses. The basement rocks of Granites and Schistes were uplifted by the Variscan Orogeny forming a discontinuity, with the subsequent erosion infilling the lower voids for much of Permian and Triassic period (280 - 195 Ma), while changing sea levels added a thick limestone covering, with only the tops of the Cévennes protruding as islands in the Jurassic sea. This in turn was eroded, The Cévennes forms the watershed between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. In late Cretaceous and early Tertiary times further mountain building occurred. The Alpine orogeny lifted and deformed the Alps and the Pyrenees though the Massif Central acted as a rigid block, and the cover rocks remained mostly horizontal. Some have been folded through later faulting at the time of the opening of the western Mediterranean in Tertiary times. The principal rivers of the region have cut deeply into the limestone forming deep gorges: Gorges du Tarn, Gorges de la Jonte, Lot, Gorges de l&#39;Ardèche, Cèze etc.</p><br>
<h2>Population and history</h2><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the region still has a large community of French Protestants. They identify as Huguenots, descendants of peoples who have inhabited the mountains since before the 16th century. During the reign of Louis XIV, much of the Huguenot population fled France, particularly following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The Protestant community in the Cévennes largely remained in place, protected from attack by the hilly terrain. This area became a refuge from persecution for other Huguenots during the time.</p><br>
<p>In 1702, this Huguenot population, dubbed the Camisards, rose up against the monarchy to protect their religious freedom. The two sides agreed to peace in 1715, which enabled the local Protestant Huguenot population to continue living in the Cévennes. Their descendants have continued to live there to the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>3-hour TGV from Paris, 1h30 flight from London (Luton) to Nîmes (Garons), the closest international airport and 2h30 drive from Barcelona.</p><br>
<h3>By car</h3><br>
<p>A75 Montpellier – Clermont-Ferrand – Paris</p><br>
<p>A9 (la Languedocienne) Barcelona (Espagne)Montpellier</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Corniche des Cévennes (the D 907) is a spectacular road between St-Jean-Gard and Florac. It was constructed at the beginning of the 18th century to enable the movement of Louis XIV&#39;s troops during his conflict with the Camisards.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Pass  is a high mountain pass on the Continental Divide, in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. It is the route through which USA Highway 160 passes from the San Luis Valley into southwest Colorado on its way to New Mexico and Arizona. The pass is notable as inspiration of a C. W. McCall song. The pass is significantly steep on either side  and can be dangerous in winter. There is a runaway truck ramp on the westbound side for truckers that lose control of their brakes.</p><br>
<h2>Expansion</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Pass, once a two-lane road winding through the San Juan Mountains between South Fork, Colorado and Pagosa Springs, has recently been expanded into a multi-lane highway, greatly increasing the traffic capacity of the pass and making it more navigable in bad weather. It will also become the easiest access to southwest Colorado from the rest of the state, as all remaining overland routes require lengthy detours through New Mexico or over Lizard Head Pass, near Telluride, or the intimidating Red Mountain Pass: a two-lane road winding along sheer cliffs from Ouray to Silverton.</p><br>
<p>A 900 ft tunnel on the eastern portion was opened November 5, 2005. Construction was completed in the Summer of 2006, with the highway fully widened and drainage projects along the route completed.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The pass is also home to Wolf Creek ski area located on the eastern side of the Continental Divide on Highway 160. Also on the eastern side is one of the largest RV parks in the United States, located just a few miles west of South Fork, Colorado.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Pass is also an attraction for tourists, as it is known for the natural beauty of the wilderness the highway passes through. Just west of the pass, about 15 miles east of Pagosa Springs, Treasure Falls offers passers by a dramatic view of a mountain waterfall.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy</h2><br>
<p>For decades, a major resort project proposed by Texas billionaire Red McCombs has been causing controversy in the area. The proposed resort would be situated near the summit of the pass and support over 8,000 people. People familiar with the high alpine environment and water issues in the area question the wisdom of a resort style village at 10,000&#39; elevation. McCombs has been working with the Forest Service to acquire highway access to the property, which is an inholding.</p><br>
<p>Over several decades the Forest Service has been the target of multiple lawsuits from community groups for incompletely assessing the environmental impacts of approving a highway access point to the property and withholding information requested through the Freedom of Information Act. Following the most recent lawsuit, the developers reached agreement not to break ground at the site until the case is resolved in court.</p><br>
<p>Opponents of the "Village" state that the development would likely harm a vital wildlife corridor between the Weminuche and South San Juan Wilderness areas, alter backcountry experiences on Wolf Creek Pass, compete with local businesses in nearby Pagosa Springs and South Fork, adversely affect rare fen wetlands, and stress water supplies in the Rio Grande watershed. Proponents claim the "Village" would improve the economics of the region.</p><br>
<h2>C. W. McCall</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Creek Pass was made famous in 1975 by country music artist C. W. McCalls humorous spoken word song of the same name, in which the pass is fondly described as "37 miles o hell -- which is up on the Great Divide." In the song, two truckers drive an out-of-control 1948 Peterbilt down USA Highway 160 to Pagosa Springs—a 5,000 ft drop in elevation.</p><br>
<p>The song describes the truck careening down through a "tunnel" (during which process several crates of chickens stacked on the back of the truck are inadvertently lost) and eventually into a feed store in Pagosa Springs. This tunnel is actually a snow shed: the song predates the only true tunnel on the pass by 30 years. However, the snow shed is on the east side of the pass while Pagosa Springs is on the west side, making this sequence of events impossible.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Darwin Harbour is the body of water close to Darwin in the Australian Northern Territory. It opens to the north at a line from Charles Point in the west to Lee Point in the east into the Beagle Gulf and connects via the Clarence Strait with the Van Diemen Gulf. It contains Port Darwin, which is flanked by Frances Bay to the east and Cullen Bay to the west.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>It was named after the naturalist Charles Darwin who sailed with Robert Fitzroy on the ship HMS Beagle around parts of Australia. However, Darwin and Fitzroy sailed in 1836 from King George&#39;s Sound (Western Australia) directly to the Cocos-Keeling Islands, at the south coast of Java, and from there to Cape Town and back to England. They stayed thus away from Darwin Harbour by 3000 sea miles and did not know of its existence.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the Darwin Harbour region is monsoon tropical with two distinct seasons: the Dry and the Wet. The Dry lasts for 6 months between April and September with an average rainfall of 24 mm, whereas the Wet lasts between October and March with an average monthly rainfall of 254 mm/month (according to the Bureau of Meteorology, 1999). The majority of the rain falls between December and April. Runoff varies between 250–1000 mm. Riverine discharge is relatively low with the exception of the Blackmore River and Elizabeth River. Peak flow for these rivers occurs in February, respectively 605Ml/day and 389 Ml/day, after which it slowly decreases until July when there is no freshwater input into Darwin Harbour until the onset of the following wet season (Padovan 1997). Cyclone frequency is low to moderate.</p><br>
<h2>Marine life</h2><br>
<p>Darwin Harbour supports very high fish diversity with 415 fish species now known. Darwin Harbour provides a unique opportunity to see dugongs in the wild, because their</p><br>
<p>favourite food is located off Casuarina and Vestey’s beaches. Seagrass meadows are also the main diet of green turtles and provide habitats for many smaller marine animals including commercially important species such as prawns and fish.</p><br>
<h2>Oceanography</h2><br>
<h3>Currents</h3><br>
<p>The tides at Port Darwin are macro-tidal with a maximum tidal range of 7.8 m, a mean spring range of 5.5 m and a mean neap range of 1.9 m (Padovan, 1997). The currents caused by these tides are complex and strong.</p><br>
<h3>Estuaries</h3><br>
<p>Darwin Harbour is a drowned river valley and consist of ria shorelines and extensive headlands.</p><br>
<h3>Catchment</h3><br>
<p>The catchment of Darwin Harbour occupies a total area of approximately 3,230 km&sup2, of this 2,010 km&sup2; is land based and the other 1,220 km&sup2; are estuarine areas at the high water mark.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The underlying lithology is dominated by Permian siltstones and sandstones.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Hamilton USA Custom House is a building in New York City built in 1902–07 by the federal government, to house the duty collection operations for the Port of New York. It is located at 1 Bowling Green, near the southern tip of Manhattan, roughly on the same spot as Fort Amsterdam, the original center of the settlement of New Amsterdam, and Government House, the mansion built as an official residence for the President of the United States, but which was never occupied. The building is now the home of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian, as well as the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York; since 2012, it is also the home to the National Archives at New York City.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by Minnesotan Cass Gilbert, who later designed the Woolworth Building, which is visible from the building&#39;s front steps. The selection of Gilbert to design the building was marked with controversy. Until 1893, federal office buildings were designed by government architects under the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. In 1893, the Tarsney Act permitted the Supervising Architect to hire private architects following a competition. The Supervising Architect James Knox Taylor picked Gilbert, who earlier had been his partner at the Gilbert & Taylor architecture firm in St. Paul, Minnesota. The scandal never quite blew over, and in 1913, the Tarsney Act was repealed.</p><br>
<p>Constructed between 1902 and 1907, the building is considered to be a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, where public transactions were conducted under a noble Roman dome. It incorporates Beaux Arts and City Beautiful movement planning principles, combining architecture, engineering, and fine arts. Lavish sculptures, paintings, and decorations by well-known artists of the time, such as Daniel Chester French, Karl Bitter, Louis St. Gaudens and Albert Jaegers, embellish the facade, the two-story entry portico, the main hall parallel to the facade, the Rotunda, and the Collector&#39;s Reception Room.</p><br>
<p>Sculpture was so crucial to the scheme that the figure groups had independent contracts. The major work across the front steps, The Continents, also called the Four Continents, of Asia, America, Europe, and Africa, was contracted to French, with associate Adolph A. Weinman. Above the main cornice are standing sculptures representing the great seafaring nations, representing American seagoing commerce as the modern heir of the Phoenicians.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, during the Great Depression, the Treasury Relief Art Project (with funds and assistance from the Works Projects Administration) commissioned a cycle of murals for the main rotunda from Reginald Marsh.</p><br>
<p>The building sits on the site of Fort Amsterdam, the fortification constructed by the Dutch West India Company to defend their operations in the Hudson Valley. The fort became the nucleus of the New Amsterdam settlement, and in turn, of New York City. From 1799 to 1815, the first Custom House at this site was the Government House.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation</h2><br>
<p>The building is on the National Register of Historic Places, for both its exterior and public interior spaces. The Custom House was one of the earliest designations of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In 1987, the completion of its preservation, spurred by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan who saved the building from demolition in 1979, attracted much public attention. Exterior and ceremonial interior spaces were cleaned, restored, and conserved, while old office space was renovated for Federal courtrooms and ancillary offices, rental offices and meeting rooms, and for a 350-seat auditorium with state-of-the-art projection facilities. Upgrades of fire safety, security, telecommunications, and heating, air conditioning, and ventilating systems accompanied alterations. In 1990, Moynihan sponsored the law that renamed the building after Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton Custom House Collectors Room ceiling (40511s).jpgOrnate ceiling in the Collectors Office</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton Custom House Collectors Room panels (40521s).jpgCarvings in wooden wall panels in the Collectors Office</p><br>
<h3>Rotunda murals</h3><br>
<p>The Treaty House at Waitangi in Northland, New Zealand, is the former house of the British Resident in New Zealand, James Busby. The Treaty of Waitangi, the document that established the British Colony of New Zealand, was signed in the grounds of the Treaty House on 6 February 1840.</p><br>
<p>The grounds had previously been the site of other important events, such as the signing of the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835. The house and grounds remained in private hands until 1932, when they were purchased by Governor General Viscount Bledisloe and donated to the nation. They were dedicated as a national reserve in 1934, in a ceremony attended by thousands of people, both Māori and Pākehā, and including the Māori King. It was the site of another major event in 1940, when the centenary of the Treaty signing was celebrated. From 1947 the grounds became the site of annual Waitangi Day celebrations.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural history</h2><br>
<p>The Treaty House was built in 1833–34 for Busby and his family. It is one of New Zealands oldest surviving buildings. Originally the building consisted of two main rooms, plus an entrance hallway, verandah, and a detached rear block containing a kitchen and servants room. Busby considered the house to be too small for someone of his standing, but for 1830s New Zealand it was a large house. It was expanded in the 1830s and 1840s with the addition of a lean-to and two wings.</p><br>
<p>The property remained in the Busby family until 1882, when it was sold to a local farmer. For at least some of the next few years it was used for agricultural purposes, including shearing sheep. It fell into disrepair, despite some efforts to bring it into public ownership. These were successful in 1932, when Bledisloe made his purchase, and the house was subsequently restored by leading architect William Henry Gummer. This was one of the earliest major state restorations of a historic building in New Zealand. In preparation for the 1990 sesquicentennial of the Treaty signing, the house was modified to more accurately reflect what it would have been like in 1840.</p><br>
<p>The house has been a Heritage New Zealand Category I listed building since 1983. It contains a museum devoted to the Treaty and to life in the house in the mid nineteenth century. The grounds contain a carved whare runanga (meeting house) and the large waka taua (war canoe) Ngā Toki Matawhaorua, both built for the 1940 celebrations.</p><br>
<p>Mount Katahdin  is the highest mountain in the USA state of Maine at 5,267 ft. Named Katahdin by the Penobscot Indians, which means "The Greatest Mountain", Katahdin is the centerpiece of Baxter State Park. It is a steep, tall mountain formed from a granite intrusion weathered to the surface. The flora and fauna on the mountain are typical of those found in northern New England.</p><br>
<p>Katahdin was known to the Native Americans in the region, and was known to Europeans at least since 1689. It has inspired hikes, climbs, journal narratives, paintings, and a piano sonata. The area around the peak was protected by Governor Percival Baxter starting in the 1930s. Katahdin is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, and is located near a stretch known as the Hundred-Mile Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is commonly called just "Katahdin", and "Baxter Peak" and "Mount Katahdin" are used interchangeably in Google Earth and Baxter State Park in official publications. The official name is "Mount Katahdin" as decided by the US Board on Geographic Names in 1893.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Katahdin is in Baxter State Park, which is in east central Piscataquis County, about 25 mi northwest of Millinocket. It is on the drainage divide between the East and West branches of the Penobscot River and is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>The third highest mountain in Maine, Sugarloaf Mountain at 1,295 m (4,250 ft), is over one hundred miles to the southwest. There is low lake country to the south and west of Katahdin, and lowlands extending east to the Atlantic and north to the Saint Lawrence River in Canada.</p><br>
<p>It is commonly thought that Katahdin is the first place in the United States mainland to receive sunlight in the morning, but this is incorrect. Other mountains, lower in elevation but farther to the east or southeast, depending on the season, see the first sunrise of the day.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Katahdin is part of a laccolith that formed in the Acadian orogeny, when an island arc collided with eastern North America approximately 400 million years ago. On the sides of Katahdin are four glacial cirques carved into the granite by alpine glaciers and in these cirques behind moraines and eskers are several ponds.</p><br>
<p>In Baxter State Park, many outcrops of sedimentary rocks have striations, whereas Katahdin Granite and Traveler Rhyolite lava have weathered surfaces on which striations are commonly not preserved. Bedrock surfaces of igneous rocks which have been buried by glacial sediments and only recently exposed have well preserved striations, as in the vicinity of Ripogenus Dam. Several outcrops of sedimentary rocks along the Patten Road show striations, especially on the north side of the road at Hurricane Deck. A few outcrops near the Pattern Road just north of Horse Mountain are striated, as are several outcrops of sedimentary rocks along the road from Trout Brook Farm northward to Second Lake Matagamon.</p><br>
<p>Fauna include black bear, deer and moose as well as black flies and mosquitos in the spring. A subspecies of Arctic butterfly, known as the Katahdin Arctic (Oeneis polixenes katahdin) is specific to the area, and is currently listed as endangered.</p><br>
<p>Among the birds are Bicknell&#39;s thrush and various songbirds and raptors. A study of the animal communities was published by Irving H. Blake in 1926. The flora includes pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, beech, maple, birch, aspen, and Diapensia lapponica.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>Katahdin is referred to 60 years after Field’s climb of Agiokochuk (Mount Washington) in the writings of John Gyles, a teenage colonist who was captured near Portland, Maine in 1689 by the Abenaki. While in the company of Abenaki hunting parties, he traveled up and down several Maine rivers including both branches of the Penobscot, passing close to “Teddon”. He remarked that it was higher than the White Hills above the Saco River.</p><br>
<p>Among some Native Americans, Katahdin was believed to be the home of the storm god Pamola, and thus an area to be avoided.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded climb of "Catahrdin" was by Massachusetts surveyors Zackery Adley and Charles Turner, Jr. in August 1804. In the 1840s Henry David Thoreau climbed Katahdin, which he spelled "Ktaadn&quot his ascent is recorded in a well-known chapter of The Maine Woods. A few years later Theodore Winthrop wrote about his visit in Life in the Open Air. Painters Frederic Edwin Church and Marsden Hartley are well-known artists who created landscapes of Katahdin. On 30 November 2011, Christies auctioned Churchs 1860 painting Twilight (Katahdin) for $3.1 million.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s Governor Percival Baxter began to acquire land and finally deeded more than 200,000 acres (809 km) to the State of Maine for a park, named Baxter State Park after him. The summit was officially recognized by the US Board on Geographic Names as "Baxter Peak" in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation opportunities</h2><br>
<p>As the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail and southern terminus of the International Appalachian Trail, Katahdin is a popular hiking and backpacking destination and the centerpiece of Baxter State Park.</p><br>
<p>Baxter State Park is open year-round, though strictly regulated in winter. The overnight camping season is from May 15 to October 15 each year. Capacity limits have been placed on day use parking at the trailheads to minimize the overuse of trails.</p><br>
<h3>Knife Edge</h3><br>
<p>The most famous hike to the summit goes along Knife Edge, which traverses the ridge between Pamola Peak and Baxter Peak. The mountain has claimed 23 lives since 1963, mostly from exposure in bad weather and falls from the Knife Edge. For about 3/10 of a mile the trail is 3 feet wide, with a drop off on either side. The Knife Edge is closed during periods of high wind.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Katahdin has several trails leading up to either Pamola or Baxter Peak. There are two trails, Hunt and Abol, accessible from the south side of the mountain, each with its own separate parking lot. These trails start right up the mountain, but each trail on the mountain ends up taking eight to ten hours round-trip depending on ability. The rest of the trails go up the north side or west side of the mountain. These are accessed from the Chimney Pond Trail. For these trails, hikers must park at the Roaring Brook Campground and hike in. All trails are maintained by the Baxter State Park Authority, which runs the State Park. All of the trails on the mountain are classified as very strenuous, the highest classification the Park Authority gives, except for Saddle (strenuous), Hamlin Ridge trail (moderate), and Chimney Pond (moderate).</p><br>
<h3>Abol</h3><br>
<p>Abol is one of the trails on the south side of the mountain. At 3.8-miles, it is the fastest way to Baxter Peak. Steep and composed of small loose rocks, it is a secondary choice for hikers taking the Appalachian Trail. At the top is the half mile long Abol Slide, which many hikers compare to hiking up a steep beach, taking two steps forward and three steps back. The old Abol Trail was closed to hiking for an extended period due to loose rock that shifted during the winter of 2013–14. A re-route was opened on Friday, July 1, 2016.</p><br>
<h3>Hunt</h3><br>
<p>The Hunt trail is the northernmost section of the Appalachian Trail, and the trail most accessed from the backside of the mountain. Ending at the summit of Baxter Peak, the 5.2-mile long trail is the longest up the mountain In both length and time. The beginning mile and a half is not that steep. Hikers pass over mountain streams and numerous waterfalls. It takes a while for the trail to become steep. Once the tree line is reached, however, Hunt is known for its boulders. These giant rocks are very difficult to traverse. Hikers must use metal handlebars secured in to rock to progress through the latter part of the trail up to the Gateway. This section of the trail is considered a very difficult climb. From here, the trail traverses along relatively flat tablelands for roughly 1.5 miles to the summit.</p><br>
<h3>Helon Taylor</h3><br>
<p>Helon Taylor is a trail on the east side of the mountain. This trail is 3.2 miles in length. Hikers still must park at Roaring Brook, but the trail splits off from the Chimney Pond Trail. The trail is named after a longtime overseer of the park. The trail climbs up to Pamola Peak where hikers must climb Knife’s Edge to get to Baxter Peak.</p><br>
<h3>Dudley</h3><br>
<p>Dudley is a trail on the north side of the mountain. This trail is 1.3 miles, and goes to Pamola Peak. It is known for its boulders that hikers must climb between instead of over. The top section of the trail is all loose rock. It is the location of a notable landmark called Index Rock. Many hikers stop here to get stunning photos. The rock is a few hundred feet in length and juts out the side of the mountain. From the other side of the mountain, this rock is the only one distinguishable.</p><br>
<h3>Cathedral</h3><br>
<p>Cathedral trail is a trail on the front of the mountain that goes to Baxter Peak. It is 1.7 miles in length. It is one of the more steep trails. It is known for its three giant granite structures named Cathedrals 1–3. It is a style of hiking similar to rock climbing called scrambling because one must traverse huge rocks the entirety of the trail. It is not recommended that hikers climb down this trail because of its steep nature.</p><br>
<h3>Saddle</h3><br>
<p>Saddle trail is on the front of the mountain and goes to Baxter Peak. It is 2.2 miles in length. It is one of the easier trails on the mountain. It is accessed from the Chimney Pond Trail and Roaring Brook Campground. It has loose rocks, but does not have the big rocks to traverse. It is recommended for beginners, and it is often the safety net for hikers who encounter bad weather.</p><br>
<h3>Knife's Edge</h3><br>
<p>The Knife Edge is the trail that connects Pamola and Baxter Peak. It is 1.1 miles in length. It is the most notable feature of Katahdin. The path stretches roughly a mile and is all sharp granite rocks, surrounded on both sides by steep cliffs. In sections it is only three feet wide. It is a dangerous part of the mountain and accounts for the most deaths. The Baxter State Park Authority closes the trail in any wind or rain and only recommend the trail be hiked in the best of conditions.</p><br>
<h3>Hamlin Ridge</h3><br>
<p>The Hamlin Ridge Trail is accessed from the plateau on the top of the mountain accessed by Cathedral and Saddle trails. It is 1.5 miles long. The trail goes to Hamlin Peak, a smaller and less popular peak. It is gradual and short.</p><br>
<h3>Chimney Pond</h3><br>
<p>The Chimney Pond trail is the trail used to access the front of the mountain. It is 3.3 miles in length. It begins at Roaring Brook Campground and ends at Chimney Pond in the base of Katahdin. It is a three-mile trail that is not as difficult as the mountain trails. It passes by a large number of lakes and streams. Hikers get occasional views of the mountain along the way.</p><br>
<h2>Other references</h2><br>
<p>Two US Navy ships have been named USS Katahdin after the mountain. Katahdin is also the name of a 1914 steamboat (later converted to diesel) owned by the Moosehead Marine Museum that plies the waters of Moosehead Lake in northern Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Katahdin potato, which was certified by the USA Department of Agriculture in 1932, was named after the mountain and is still popular in the Northeastern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Katahdin sheep is named after this mountain.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles mentions Mount Katahdin, when the narrator, Gene, talks about the time when his friend, Leper Lepellier, " one of his urges to participate in nature" when he slept on top of Mount Katahdin, where, Knowles wrote, "each morning the sun first strikes United States territory."</p><br>
<p>Snapple "Real Fact" #383 Mt. Katahdin in Maine is the 1st place in the USA to get sunlight each morning.</p><br>
<p>Cantarell Field or Cantarell Complex is an aging supergiant oil field in Mexico. It was discovered in 1976 after oil stains were noticed by a fisherman, Rudesindo Cantarell Jimenez, in 1972. It was placed on nitrogen injection in 2000, and production peaked at 2.1 million barrels in 2003. In terms of cumulative production to date, it is by far the largest oil field in Mexico, and one of the largest in the world. However, production has declined since 2003, falling to 408,000 barrels in April 2012, making it Mexico&#39;s second most productive oil field after Ku-Maloob-Zaap.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cantarell is located 80 km offshore in the Bay of Campeche. This complex comprises four major fields: Akal (by far the largest), Nohoch, Chac and Kutz. The reservoirs are formed from carbonate breccia of Late Cretaceous age, the rubble from the asteroid impact that created the Chicxulub Crater. The recently discovered Sihil field (1-15,000 million barrels) contains light oil in Jurassic strata below the other reservoirs and is generally referred to as a separate field, although its development will obviously benefit from the infrastructure already in place above it. Cantarell&#39;s oil production peaked in 2004 and has declined in subsequent years, with further decline expected in the future.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Chicxulub impactor produced the Chicxulub crater and subsequent carbonate-debris breccia, which became the oil reservoir for the fields around Villahermosa and the Bay of Campeche where the Cantarell Complex is located.</p><br>
<p>The porosity is 8%-12% in the reservoir at a depth of about 1500 m, which grades from being coarse-grained to fine-grained, called Unit 1 and 2 respectively, and overlain by a seal of shaly ejecta-rich layer called Unit 3.</p><br>
<p>Following impact, the carbonate platform collapsed, depositing the coarse breccias, which were then overlain mixed and overlain by finer breccias from the consequent tsunamis. Folding occurred in the early Miocene to Pliocene and the compression forced up Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic blocks forming the Structural trap in which hydrocarbons migrated in the Miocene. There are four blocks in the Cantarell Complex, Akal, Nohoch, Chac and Kutz with the Akal block underlain by a fifth block, Sihil, where oil was discovered in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Production History</h2><br>
<p>By 1981 the Cantarell complex was producing 1.16 million barrels. However, the production rate dropped to 1 million barrels in 1995. The nitrogen injection project, including the largest nitrogen plant in the world, installed onshore at Atasta Campeche, started operating in 2000, and it increased the production rate to 1.6 million barrels, to 1.9 million barrels in 2002 and to 2.1 million barrels of output in 2003, which ranked Cantarell the second fastest producing oil field in the world behind Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia. However, Cantarell had much smaller oil reserves than Ghawar, so production began to decline rapidly in the second half of the decade. Unfortunately, the nitrogen has migrated into the gas, lowering its heating value and thus, economic value, and soon will require treatment to remove the nitrogen from the gas, to be able to use the gas as a fuel.</p><br>
<p>Luis Ramírez Corzo, head of PEMEXs exploration and production division, announced on August 12, 2004 that the actual oil output from Cantarell was forecast to decline steeply from 2006 onwards, at a rate of 14% per year. In March 2006 it was reported that Cantarell had already peaked, with a second year of declining production in 2005. For 2006, the fields output declined by 13.1%, according to Jesús Reyes Heróles, the director-general of PEMEX.</p><br>
<p>In July 2008, the daily production rate fell sharply by 36% to 973,668 barrels from 1.526 million barrels a year earlier. Analysts theorize that this rapid decline is a result of production enhancement techniques causing faster short-term oil extraction at the expense of field longevity. By January 2009, oil production at Cantarell had fallen to 772,000 barrels, a drop in production of 38% for the year, resulting in a drop in total Mexican oil production of 9.2%, the fifth year in a row of declining Mexican production.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Pemex expected Cantarells decline to continue to 2012 and eventually stabilizing at an output level of around 500,000 barrels. Production is now expected to stabilize at 400,000 barrels. However the production had fallen to 408,000 barrels by April 2012. The shortfall is having a negative effect on Mexicos annual government budget and sovereign-credit rating. Production continued to decline and production was at 340,000 barrels per day in June 2014. Pemex will spend 6 billion US dollars until 2017 to stop the decline and maintain production level at around 325,000 barrels per day for another decade.</p><br>
<p>In order to try to maintain heavy crude production in the Bay of Campeche, PEMEX is focusing its efforts on the development of the Ku-Maloob-Zaap complex in an adjacent area, which can be connected to the existing facilities of Cantarell. Ku-Maloob-Zaap complex is expected to produce 0.8 million barrels by the end of decade. In 2009, Ku-Maloob-Zaap replaced Cantarell as Mexico&#39;s most productive oil field.</p><br>
<p>Carsington Water is a reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water in Derbyshire, England. The reservoir takes water from the River Derwent at Ambergate during winter months, pumping up to the reservoir by 10.5 km long tunnels and aqueduct. Water is released back into the river during summer months for water abstraction and treatment further downstream. It is England&#39;s ninth largest reservoir with a capacity of 35,412 megalitres.</p><br>
<p>Planning for the reservoir started in the 1960s with actual construction starting in 1979. In 1984 there was a partial collapse of the dam prior to its filling. The dam was subsequently completely removed before construction of a new dam commenced in 1989. The finished reservoir was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is a major centre for leisure activities including walking, cycling, fly fishing, birdwatching, sailing, canoeing, and windsurfing. The land surrounding the reservoir, in particular the facilities around the visitor centre, has played host to events including a music festival, the Festival of the Peak.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>There are 3 main buildings on the Reservoir, that serve the public in a few different ways.</p><br>
<p>The Visitor Centre is the largest building, with a cafe featuring panoramic views. There is a small retail outlet currently leased by the RSPB and an outdoor equipment store.</p><br>
<p>Carsington Sports and Leisure is a place for the public to rent equipment, primarily bikes. The company also rents kayaks, canoes, small rowing boats,</p><br>
<p>sailing boats and windsurfing equipment. The company has a good stock of new windsurf hire equipment, with 3 quality starboard boards and sails from 3.5 to 7.5, with beginner kit also.</p><br>
<p>Carsington Sailing Club owns an extensive proportion of the shoreline. Members can hire boats, as well as store boats from small dinghies to anchored cruisers.</p><br>
<p>There are also smaller buildings erected by Severn Trent, namely the bird hide, north of the visitor centre on the circular bike route, as well as other more minor wildlife based-buildings dotted around the track.</p><br>
<p>There are three car parks situated by the reservoir, one main one at the site and a southerly one, Millfields that has smaller capacity and a northerly one, Sheepwash, which has a similar capacity.</p><br>
<p>Birds seen at the site include little owl, little grebe, great northern diver, Eurasian oystercatcher, common tern and breeding common redshank. Feral barnacle geese are found there; a wild, ringed, barnacle goose was found in March 2011—it was ringed at WWT Caerlaverock in Dumfrieshire, Scotland on 8 February 1999.</p><br>
<p>Fly fishing is available from boats that can be hired from the Fishing Lodge. Fly fishing is for brown trout and rainbow trout only.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife Discovery Room at Carsington Water</h2><br>
<p>The Wildlife Discovery Room at Carsington Water is operated as a partnership of Derbyshire Wildlife Trust and Severn Trent Water. The Trust offers nature programs for schools, children and families.</p><br>
<p>Campos Basin is one of 12 coastal sedimentary basins of Brazil. It spans both on-shore and off-shore parts and is located near Rio de Janeiro. The basin originated in Neocomian stage of the Cretaceous period 145–130 million years ago during the breakup of Gondwana. It has a total area of about 115,000 square kilometers whereas the on-shore portion is small at only 500 square kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration</h2><br>
<p>The off-shore oil exploration in the Campos Basin began in 1968. The first oil production started in 1977 from Enchova field at the depth of 124 m.</p><br>
<p>By 2003 41 oil and gas fields had discovered, which lie at the distances 50 to 140 km from the cost and at water depths varying from 80 to 2,400 m. Of these fields 37 are being developed by Petrobras. By 2003 the oil production from the basin had reached 1.21 million barrels per day. The production comes from a variety of reservoirs including siliciclastic turbidites, fractured basalts, coquinas, calcarenites (limestones). The total cumulative production from the Campos Basin by 2003 was 3.9 billion barrels of oil with remaining reserves of 8.5 billion barrels.</p><br>
<p>In February 2010 a new 65 million barrel discovery was made by Petrobras near the Barracuda oil field.</p><br>
<h2>Oil and gas production</h2><br>
<p>Total daily production of Campos Basin is 265,000 cubic metres (1.69 million barrels) of oil and 26,8 million cubic metres of natural gas per day. The estimates are that in 2010, Campos Basin will be producing 282,000 cubic metres (1.8 million barrels) of oil and 34,6 million cubic metres of natural gas per day. Marlim complex produces over 80,000 cubic metres (500,000 barrels) of crude oil per day.</p><br>
<p>The confirmed reserves are 1.1 billion cubic metres (7.21 billion barrels) of oil and condensate, and 101.53 cubic kilometres of natural gas. Exploration seems to be fading; most reserves were found between 1985 and 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Campos basin is bounded on the south by the Cabo Frio arch and on the north by the Vitoria arch, and contains the Paraiba do Sul River delta. Oil reservoirs include the Aptian and pre-Aptian continental rift phase, in Albian-Cenomanian shallow-water marine carbonates and deepwater sandstones, and in turbidites of the open-marine deepwater phase of Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary ages.</p><br>
<p>The Namorado field "location was selected based on seismic interpretation of a structural high at the top of the Macae Formation (Albian limestones)" at a depth of about 3 km. and the reservoirs are marine turbidite deposits transgressing over the Albian limestone shelf.</p><br>
<p>The stratigraphy starts with 120 m.y. basalt flows, overlain by the Lagoa Feia Formation consisting of the organic-rich lacustrine "green shales" followed by lacustrine limestones and continental sandstones and conglomerates, transitioning into marine sediments with evaporites, limestones, and limestone altered dolomites. The shallow-water marine limestone Macae Formation follows, then the Namorado turbidite sandstones, and finally the Campos formation, consisting of the turbidite sandstone Carapebus Member and the prograding slope and shelf Ubatuba Formation.</p><br>
<p>Rysy  is a mountain in the crest of the High Tatras, lying on the border between Poland and Slovakia. Rysy has three summits: the middle at 2,503 m; the north-western at 2,499 m; and the south-eastern at 2,473 m. The north-western summit is the highest point of Poland; the other two summits are on the Slovak side of the border, in the Prešov Region.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Experts assume that the Polish and Slovak name Rysy, meaning "scratches" or "crevices", refers to a series of gullies, either those on the western slopes of Żabie Ridge or the very prominent 500 m high gully and numerous smaller ones on the northern side. A folk explanation on the Slovak side says that the name comes from the plural word rysy meaning "lynxes", although the habitat of the lynx does not extend above the timberline.</p><br>
<p>The Hungarian name Tengerszem-csúcs and the German name Meeraugspitze mean "eye-of-the-sea peak", from the glacial lake at the northern foot of the mountain, called "eye of the sea" (Morskie Oko in Polish).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known ascent was made in 1840, by Ede Blásy and his guide Ján Ruman-Driečny, Sr. The first winter ascent was completed in 1884, by Theodor Wundt and Jakob Horvay. In the 20th century, the communist authorities claimed Vladimir Lenin climbed the mountain sometime in the early 1910s. Rysy is the highest point in Poland.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Rysy is the highest peak in the Tatra Mountains that is accessible to individual tourists on foot without a mountain guide. It is possible to ascend the peak from the Slovak side, starting at Štrbské pleso and passing Chata pod Rysmi, a mountain chalet at an altitude of 2,250 m, open during the summer season (May–October). The mountain can also be ascended from the Polish side coming from the Morskie Oko lake, which is a harder and steeper route.</p><br>
<p>In the period November 1 - June 15, the trail on the Slovak side is closed.</p><br>
<p>Since the accession of Poland and Slovakia to the Schengen Agreement in 2007, the border between the two countries may be easily crossed at this point like at any other.</p><br>
<p>Bowling Green is a small public park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, at the southern end of Broadway, next to the site of the original Dutch fort of New Amsterdam. Built in 1733, originally including a bowling green, it is the oldest public park in New York City and is surrounded by its original 18th-century fence. The iconic Charging Bull sculpture is exhibited on its northern end.</p><br>
<p>Bowling Green Fence and Park is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is abutted by Battery Park to the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>The park has long been a center of activity in the city going back to the days of New Amsterdam, when it served as a cattle market between 1638 and 1647, and parade ground. In 1675, the Common Council designated the "plaine afore the forte" for an annual market of "graine, cattle and other produce of the country". In 1677 the city&#39;s first public well was dug in front of Fort Amsterdam at Bowling Green. In 1733, the Common Council leased a portion of the parade grounds to three prominent neighboring landlords for a peppercorn a year, upon their promise to create a park that would be "the delight of the Inhabitants of the City" and add to its "Beauty and Ornament&quot the improvements were to include a "bowling green" with "walks therein". The surrounding streets were not paved with cobblestones until 1744.</p><br>
<p>On August 21, 1770, the British government erected a 4,000 pound (1,800 kg) gilded lead equestrian statue of King George III in Bowling Green; the King was dressed in Roman garb in the style of the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. The statue had been commissioned in 1766, along with a statue of William Pitt, from the prominent London sculptor Joseph Wilton, as a celebration of victory after the Seven Years&#39; War. With the rapid deterioration of relations with the mother country after 1770, the statue became a magnet for the Bowling Green protests; in 1773, the city passed an anti-graffiti and anti-desecration law to counter vandalism against the monument, and a protective cast-iron fence, which still stands, was built along the perimeter of the park.</p><br>
<p>On July 9, 1776, after the Declaration of Independence was read to Washingtons troops at the current site of City Hall, local Sons of Liberty rushed down Broadway to Bowling Green, where they ordered African slaves to topple the statue of King George III. The fence post finials of cast-iron crowns on the protective fence were sawn off, with the saw marks still visible today. The event is one of the most enduring images in the citys history. According to folklore, the statue was chopped up and shipped to a Connecticut foundry under the direction of Oliver Wolcott to be made into 42,088 patriot bullets at 20 bullets per pound (2,104.4 pounds). The statue&#39;s head was to have been paraded about town on pike-staffs, but was recovered by Loyalists and sent to England. Eight pieces of the lead statue are preserved in the New-York Historical Society; one in the Museum of the City of New York as well as one in Connecticut (estimated total of 260/270 pounds); The event has been depicted over the years in several works of art, including an 1854 painting by William Walcutt, and an 1859 painting by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel.</p><br>
<h3>Post-colonial era</h3><br>
<p>The marble slab of the statues pedestal was first used for a tombstone of a Major John Smith of the Black Watch who died in 1783; when Smiths grave site was leveled in 1804, the slab became a stone step at two successive mansions; in 1880 the inscription was rediscovered and the slab was transferred to the New-York Historical Society. The monument base can be seen in the background of the portrait of George Washington painted by John Trumbull in 1790, conserved in the City Hall. The William Pitt statue is in the New-York Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Following the Revolution, the remains of the fort facing Bowling Green were demolished in 1790 and part of the rubble used to extend Battery Park to the west. In its place a grand Government House was built, suitable, it was hoped, for a President&#39;s House, with a four-columned portico facing across Bowling Green and up Broadway. Governor John Jay later inhabited it. When the state capital was moved to Albany, the building served as a boarding house and then the custom house before being demolished in 1815. Elegant townhouses were built around the park, which remained largely the private domain of the residents, though now some of the Tory patricians of New York were replaced by Republican ones; leading New York merchants, led by Abraham Kennedy, in a mansion at 1 Broadway that had a 56-foot facade under a central pediment and a front towards the Battery Parade, as the new piece of open ground was called. The Hon. John Watts, whose summer place was Rose Hill; Chancellor Robert Livingston at no. 5, Stephen Whitney at no. 7, and John Stevens all constructed brick residences in Federal style facing Bowling Green.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Macomb House, the second Presidential Mansion, stood north of the park at 39-41 Broadway. President George Washington occupied it from February 23 to August 30, 1790, before the USA capital moved to Philadelphia. By 1850, however, with the opening of Lafayette Street, then of Washington Square Park and Fifth Avenue, the general northward migration of residences in Manhattan led to the conversion of the residences into the shipping offices, resulting in full public access to the park.</p><br>
<h3>20th and 21st centuries</h3><br>
<p>The park suffered neglect after World War II, but was restored by the city in the 1970s and is now one of the most heavily traveled plazas in the city. The Bowling Green Fence and Park were listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Irish Institute of New York installed a plaque in Bowling Green park commemorating an important religious liberty challenge which occurred in Manhattan. Reverend Francis Makemie, the founder of American Presbyterianism, challenged the edict of Lord Cornbury by preaching at the home of William Jackson near by the Park. He was arrested and charged with preaching a "pernicious doctrine", but later acquitted.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the sculpture Charging Bull by Arturo Di Modica was installed at the northern tip of the park by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation after it had been confiscated by the police following its illegal installation on Wall Street. The sculpture has become one of the beloved and recognizable landmarks of the Financial District.</p><br>
<p>The pool and fountain in the park were temporarily modified when the park was used as a filming location for The Sorcerer&#39;s Apprentice in early June 2009. Between shoots, equipment was stored in the park and on nearby streets.</p><br>
<p>In March 2017, Bowling Green was co-named Evacuation Day Plaza, which was marked by the erection of an illuminated street sign, commemorating the location of a pivotal event in the American Revolutionary War that ended a brutal 7-year occupation by British troops. On November 25, 1783, after a USA soldier managed to rip down the British flag at Bowling Green and replace it with the Stars and Stripes — an apparently tough feat since the British had previously greased the flag pole. As the British boarded ships back to England, then-General George Washington triumphantly led the Continental Army through Manhattan down to Bowling Green and witness the last British troops sailing away from Lower Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Description and surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The park is a teardrop-shaped plaza formed by the branching of Broadway as it nears Whitehall Street. The park is a fenced-in grassy area with benches that are popular lunchtime destinations for workers in the nearby Financial District. There is a fountain in the center.</p><br>
<p>The south end of the plaza is bounded by the front entrance of Alexander Hamilton USA Custom House, which houses the George Gustav Heye Center for the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of the American Indian and the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Manhattan Division). Previously there was a public street along the south edge of the park, also called "Bowling Green", but since this area was needed for a modern entrance to the parks eponymous subway station, the road was eliminated and paved over with cobblestones. The New York City Subway station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, opened in 1905 and serving the, is located under the plaza. Entrances dating from both 1905 and more recent renovations are located in and near the plaza.</p><br>
<p>The urbanistic value of the space is created by the skyscrapers and other structures that surround it (listed clockwise):</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hamilton US Custom House to the south</p><br>
<p>Bowling Green Building, 11 Broadway (1895–98, W. and G. Audsley, later serving the White Star Line)</p><br>
<p>Cunard Building, 25 Broadway (1921, Benjamin Wistar Morris, with Carrère and Hastings)</p><br>
<p>1 Broadway, the United States Lines-Panama Pacific Line Building</p><br>
<p>2 Broadway (1959–60, Emery Roth & Sons, resurfaced in 1999 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill), a Modernist glass wall that replaced the distinguished Produce Exchange Building (1881–84, George B. Post), as an "acceptable sacrifice" intended to spur financial district rebuilding</p><br>
<p>26 Broadway, the Standard Oil Company Building, on the east side of Broadway, facing the Cunard building (1922, Carrère and Hastings with Shreve, Lamb & Blake)</p><br>
<h3>Sculpture</h3><br>
<p>Charging Bull, a 3,200 kg bronze sculpture in Bowling Green, designed by Arturo Di Modica and installed in 1989, stands 11 ft tall and measures 16 ft long. The oversize sculpture depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is a popular tourist destination drawing thousands of people a day, as well as "one of the most iconic images of New York" and a "Wall Street icon" symbolizing "Wall Street" and the Financial District.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, another bronze sculpture, Fearless Girl, was installed across from the bull. Designed by sculptor Kristen Visbal, the work was hailed for its feminist message.The Fearless Girl statue, which was commissioned by State Street Global Advisors as a way to call attention to the gender pay gap and a lack of women on corporate financial sector boards, was installed on March 7, 2017. The statue depicts a defiant little girl posing as an affront to and staring down of the Charging Bull. The statue was initially scheduled to be removed April 2, 2017 but was later extended to remain in place through February 2018.</p><br>
<p>In May 2017, artist Alex Gardega erected a urinating pug Sketchy Dog statue adjacent to the ‘Fearless Girl’ statue. Gardega said he created Sketchy Dog as an act of solidarity with guerilla artist Arturo Di Modica, who created Wall Street’s iconic Charging Bull statue. After approximately three hours, Gardega took Sketchy Dog down. Gardega described the Fearless Girl statue as "corporate nonsense" and "disrespect to the artist that made the bull" sculpture.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Hephaestus or Hephaisteion  or earlier as the Theseion , is a well-preserved Greek temple; it remains standing largely as built. It is a Doric peripteral temple, and is located at the north-west side of the Agora of Athens, on top of the Agoraios Kolonos hill. From the 7th century until 1834, it served as the Greek Orthodox church of Saint George Akamates. The building&#39;s condition has been maintained due to its history of varied use.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Hephaestus was the patron god of metal working, craftsmanship, and fire. There were numerous potters workshops and metal-working shops in the vicinity of the temple, as befits the temples honoree. Archaeological evidence suggests that there was no earlier building on the site except for a small sanctuary that was burned when the Persians occupied Athens in 480 BC. The name Theseion or Temple of Theseus was attributed to the monument under the assumption it housed the remains of the Athenian hero Theseus, brought back to the city from the island of Skyros by Kimon in 475 BC, but refuted after inscriptions from within the temple associated it firmly with Hephaestus.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>After the battle of Plataea, the Greeks swore never to rebuild their sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians during their invasion of Greece, but to leave them in ruins, as a perpetual reminder of the war. The Athenians directed their funds towards rebuilding their economy and strengthening their influence in the Delian League. When Pericles came to power, he envisioned a grand plan for transforming Athens into the centre of Greek power and culture. Construction started in 449 BCE, and some scholars believe the building not to have been completed for some three decades, funds and workers having been redirected towards the Parthenon. The western frieze was completed between 445–440 BC, while the eastern frieze, the western pediment and several changes in the building&#39;s interior are dated by these scholars to 435–430 BC, largely on stylistic grounds. It was only during the Peace of Nicias (421–415 BC) that the roof was completed and the cult images were installed. The temple was officially inaugurated in 416–415 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Many architects have been suggested, but without firm evidence one refers simply to The Hephaisteion Master. The temple is built of marble from the nearby Mt. Penteli, excepting the bottom step of the krepis or platform. The architectural sculpture is in both Pentelic and Parian marble. The dimensions of the temple are 13.708 m north to south and 31.776 m east to west, with six columns on the short east and west sides and thirteen columns along the longer north and south sides (with the four corner columns being counted twice).</p><br>
<p>The building has a pronaos, a cella housing cult images at the centre of the structure, and an opisthodomos. The alignment of the antae of the pronaos with the third flank columns of the peristyle is a design element unique middle of the 5th century BC. There is also an inner Doric colonnade with five columns on the north and south side and three across the end (with the corner columns counting twice).</p><br>
<p>The decorative sculptures highlight the extent of mixture of the two styles in the construction of the temple. Both the pronaos and the opisthodomos are decorated with continuous Ionic friezes (instead of the more typical Doric triglyphs, supplementing the sculptures at the pediments and the metopes. The frieze of the pronaos depicts a scene from the battle of Theseus with the Pallantides in the presence of gods while the frieze of the opisthodomos shows the battle of Centaurs and Lapiths. Reconstructing the themes of the pediments is difficult due to the fragmentary nature of the surviving remnants. An earlier interpretation identified the birth of Erichthonios in the east pediment and Heracles before Thetis in the west. Later theories suggest that the west pediment was dedicated again to the battle between Centaurs and Lapiths while the east pediment depicted the "deification" of Heracles, the entry of the hero onto Mount Olympus.</p><br>
<p>Only 18 of the 68 metopes of the temple of Hephaestus were sculptured, concentrated especially on the east side of the temple; the rest were perhaps painted. The ten metopes on the east side depict the Labours of Heracles. The four easternmost metopes on the long north and south sides depict the Labours of Theseus.</p><br>
<p>According to Pausanias, the temple housed the bronze statues of Athena and Hephaestus. An inscription records payments between 421 BC and 415 BC for two bronze statues but it does not mention the sculptor. Tradition attributes the work to Alkamenes.</p><br>
<p>In the 3rd century BC trees and shrubs (pomegranates, myrtle and laurel) were planted around the temple, creating a small garden.</p><br>
<h2>Church</h2><br>
<p>Around AD 700, the temple was turned into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George. Exactly when the temple was converted to a Christian church remains unknown. There are assumptions however that this possibly occurred in the 7th century.</p><br>
<p>The characterization as "Akamates" – adding all kind of adjectives in the names of the churches or the saints is commonplace in Greek-orthodox tradition – has been given a lot of explanations. The first one states that it probably derives from the name of the son of Theseus and Feadra, Akamantas, later transformed to Akamatos and later still to Akamates. Another scenario is based on the very sense of akamates (=flaneur), because during the Ottoman Era, the temple was used only once a year, the day of the feast of St George. A third option is that the name is due to Archbishop of Athens Michael Akominatos, who might have been the first to perform a Divine Liturgy in the church.</p><br>
<p>The last Divine Liturgy in the temple took place on February 21, 1833, during the celebrations for the arrival of Otto in Greece. In the presence of the Athenians and of many others the bishop Talantiu Neofitos gave a speech.</p><br>
<h2>19th century</h2><br>
<p>When Athens became the official capital of Greece in 1834, the publication of the relevant royal edict was made in this temple that was the place of the last public turnout of the Athenians. It was used as a burial place for non-Orthodox Europeans in the 19th century, among whom were many philhellenes who gave their lives in the cause of Greek War of Independence (1821–1830). Among those buried in the site was John Tweddel, a friend of Lord Elgin, while excavations also revealed a slab from the grave of George Watson with a Latin epitaph by Lord Byron. In 1834, the first King of Greece, Otto I, was officially welcomed there. Otto ordered the building to be used as a museum, in which capacity it remained until 1934, when it reverted to its status of an ancient monument and extensive archaeological research was allowed.</p><br>
<h2>Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Temple of Hephaestus</h2><br>
<p>English garden (1795) Söderfors, Sweden</p><br>
<p>Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial (1802–17), Arlington Cemetery, Virginia, USA</p><br>
<p>Monument to Sir Alexander Ball, (1810), Valletta, Malta</p><br>
<p>Dundalk Courthouse (1813), Dundalk, Ireland</p><br>
<p>New Parliament House, Edinburgh (formerly the Royal High School) (1829)</p><br>
<p>McKim Free School (1833), Baltimore, Maryland, USA</p><br>
<p>Penshaw Monument (1844), Penshaw, Tyne and Wear, England</p><br>
<p>Old Montgomery County Court House (1844–50), Dayton, Ohio, USA</p><br>
<p>Vermont State House (1857–59), Montpelier, Vermont, USA</p><br>
<p>The River Maun is a river in Nottinghamshire, England. Its source lies in Kirkby-in-Ashfield, and from there it flows north east through Mansfield , Edwinstowe and Ollerton, these being the heart of the Sherwood Forest area. It becomes known as Whitewater near the village of Walesby and connects to the River Meden temporarily where the Robin Hood Way crosses them. They diverge, and near Markham Moor it merges again with the River Meden this time becoming the River Idle. Its main tributaries are Rainworth Water, Vicar Water and Cauldwell Water.</p><br>
<p>The river has been an important source of power, from at least 1086, when there was a watermill in Mansfield. A big increase in the number of mills began in the 1780s, when the frame knitting industry was decimated by the advent of Richard Arkwright&#39;s water-powered spinning frame. William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, encouraged the building of textile mills to relieve unemployment and poverty. Most were converted to do "cotton doubling", and several later became hosiery mills. The conversion of watermills which had formerly ground corn to textile mills led to the building of windmills to carry on milling corn. Although water power has largely ceased, there is still an operational water-mill at Ollerton.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river rises on the north side of Kirkby-in-Ashfield, just to the south of Sutton Parkway railway station. It is a little above the 490 ft contour at this point. It crosses under the railway line, and there are two short culverted sections as it crosses under the B6022 road, to emerge in the Maun Valley Industrial Park. Passing under the B6139 and the A617 roads, it feeds King&#39;s Mill Reservoir. The reservoir was once a medieval mill pond, but in 1837, William Bentinck, the fourth Duke of Portland agreed with the millers who leased mills further down the river that a large head of water was required to maintain the water supply throughout the year. He built a dam, and 72 acres of farmland were flooded, some of which he bought from the Unwin family. The work was completed by 1839, when rates to be paid by the millers were agreed, which were to be reduced after 20 years. A 1.5 mi walk has been created around the lake, from where some of the waterfowl which live on it can be seen. It is also used for sailing. At the exit from the reservoir, the river is crossed by Kings Mill viaduct, built around 1819 for the Mansfield and Pinxton Railway. The engineer for the project was Josias Jessop, and the bridge was the location for the opening ceremony of the railway. A local newspaper described it as "the beautiful five-arched bridge, constructed under the direction of Mr. Jessop, the engineer", when reporting the opening. The central arch carries the date 1817. It was adapted for locomotive traffic in 1847, was restored in 1990, and is a grade II listed structure. It is now used as a footpath, as the railway line was historically diverted around it.</p><br>
<p>The diverted railway line forms part of the Robin Hood Line, which crosses another millpond just below the reservoir. This supplied the late eighteenth century Hermitage Mill, originally a textile mill, which was then used as a building-materials depot, but has been disused for many years. After crossing under some minor roads and Sheepbridge Lane, where there was another eighteenth century textile mill, repurposed as a joinery works, and then an internet gaming centre the river is spanned by the disused Drury Dam railway viaduct, this one built in 1875, and consisting of ten round arches, constructed of brick and rock-faced stone. At its west end, a cast-iron arch carries it over Quarry Lane. It is grade II listed, was restored in 1989, and is used as a footpath. Part of it spans the Quarry Lane local nature reserve, on the south bank of the river, where a sculpture created by Lewis Morgan was installed in December 2009. The river continues to weave through the east of Mansfield, where it has been culverted in places. At Bridge Street, the former Town Mill public house was originally the mill owner&#39;s house adjacent to the watermill, built around 1775, and restored in the late twentieth century. To the north of the B6033 Bath Lane, there is a disused textile mill, built between 1822 and 1831, which used water power. W. Goldie and Co. extended it in 1880, and altered it to work as a hosiery mill, which it continued to be until 1984. Part of it has been re-used as apartments. Next, the river passes through Carr Bank, with woodland to the east, and a large sewage treatment works to the west. The outflow from the works contributes a significant portion of the flow below this point.</p><br>
<p>After passing under the A6117 road, the river enters Maun Valley Park, a local nature reserve covering 42 acre, which includes water meadows and other wetland habitats. New Mill Lane lies at its northern edge, after which the river passes through more rural scenery. Approaching Clipstone, Cavendish Woods lie to the south east, while extensive fish ponds are located on the other bank. Vicar Water, which flows northwards from Vicar Park, joins on the east bank, before the river is crossed by a railway at Clipstone Junction. It flows eastwards to the south of Edwinstowe, to be joined on the western edge of Ollerton by Rainworth Water, flowing northwards from Rufford Abbey. To the east of the A614 road is Ollerton Watermill, which is still operational, and is open to the public on Sundays in the summer. Passing to the west of New Ollerton, the river flows northwards through open countryside to join the River Meden. After a short distance, two channels are created by a weir, the southern one still called the River Maun, and both proceed eastwards, before turning northwards near Markham Moor roundabout on the A1 road, and joining again to form the River Idle. There are two disused water mills on this stretch, one at Haughton and one called Jacket Mill at Rockley. There were two water mills in Haughton in the reign of King Edward III, during the fourteenth century. Jacket Mill is of red brick construction, and much of it dates from the late eighteenth century, although parts were altered in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Mills</h2><br>
<p>The river has provided an important source of power in the past. The Domesday book, produced in 1086, mentions that Mansfield had a watermill, and there are many references to watermills thereafter. In 1292, a fulling mill is mentioned. This was situated to the north of the town, probably near to the later Stanton&#39;s Mill, and was part of the process for making woollen cloth.</p><br>
<p>Mansfield had a cottage industry, which by 1800 consisted of around 700 knitting frames. It operated as a social service, as most of the workers were either orphaned children, or children from families who would otherwise be destitute. Following the invention of the "water-frame", a spinning frame that was powered by a water wheel, which had been invented by Richard Arkwright in 1771 and used in his mills at Cromford, the cottage industry could not compete, and there was widespread unemployment and poverty in Mansfield. In an attempt to remedy the situation, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, who was the landowner, and who later became Home Secretary, organised a programme of building water-powered spinning mills along the river. Hermitage Mill was the first to be built, in 1782, and still stands on Hermitage lane. Little Matlock Mill was built three years later on Sheepbridge Lane, and again still stands. Field Mill was in use as a leather works by 1916 and was demolished in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The next mill on the river was Town Mill, which had been built in 1744, and was used for grinding corn and malt. The miller, William Smith, negotiated with the Duke, and in 1785 he sold the corn milling equipment and refitted it for working with cotton. Having also refitted Field Mill in the autumn, he started a Sunday School in 1786, so that his young workers would be equipped with basic reading and mathematical skills, as well as moral instruction. The practice spread, and Mansfield became known for the good education of its young people. Stantons Mill, the next downstream, was built in 1795. One effect of the conversion of mills for cotton, rather than grinding corn, was that a number of windmills were built, since corn still had to be milled into flour. The number of windmills in Mansfield rose from three to thirteen between 1774 and 1824.</p><br>
<p>To the south of Mansfield, the Maun is joined by Cauldwell Water at Bleakhills. Charles and George Stanton chose Bleakhills as a suitable site for a new mill in 1795, and negotiated with the Duke of Portland for permission to build both the mill and cottages for the workers. The cost was about £300.</p><br>
<p>By 1887, most of the textile mills, including Bleakhills Mill, were marked on maps a being "cotton doubling" mills, a process in which multiple strands of cotton were wound together to form thicker threads. In 1899, only Field Mill and Bath Mill were still marked in this way. Most of the rest were then marked "Hosiery", although Stanton Mill was marked "Boot and Shoe".</p><br>
<p>There were other mills besides the textile mills. Between Field Mill and Town Mill, there was an iron foundry, called Meadow Foundry, which was built by William Bradshaw and John Sansom in 1852. The site had previously been occupied by a water-powered bark mill, and remained in the ownership of the Duke of Portland. In 1867, Bradshaw and Sansom negotiated a new 14-year lease with the Duke, which included the supply of water from King&#39;s Mill reservoir, but they became bankrupt during the following year. It was taken over by James Bownes, who formed a limited company to operate it, and it remained in use until 1960, when the firm moved to new premises, and the site was redeveloped by the Mansfield Brewery. Below the foundry was Borough Mills, which operated as a saw mill. Between Town Mills and Stanton Mill was the Rock Valley Mill, which was operated by Dickenson Ellis as a mustard mill in the early nineteenth century. It was taken over by David Cooper Barringer in 1839, who formed Barringer and Company to operate it. In 1873, they decided to pack the mustard in decorated tin boxes, instead of wooden ones, and made the boxes on site from pre-printed metal sheet. Soon they were making tin boxes for other companies, and the separate Rock Valley Tin Works was formed in 1889. Three years later, a printing works was established, to print the metal sheets, and it became a limited company in 1895. Following several takeovers, it remains in business as Carnaud Metal Box Engineering.</p><br>
<h2>Water Quality</h2><br>
<p>The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail. The Maun is designated as "heavily modified", which means that the channels have been altered by human activity, and the criteria for this designation are defined by the Water Framework Directive.</p><br>
<p>The water quality of the Maun and its tributaries was as follows in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>The Cyclopean Isles, noted for their rows of basaltic columns piled one above another, lie not far from Mount Etna off the eastern coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Cyclopean Isles are of volcanic origin, they formed about 500.000 years ago and may at one time have been attached to Sicily. The lava forming the basaltic columns was consolidated under great pressure, probably at the bottom of the sea.</p><br>
<p>The Cyclopean Isles strongly resemble the Giant&#39;s Causeway on the northern coast of Ireland, and the Isle of Staffa off the western coast of Scotland. The latter, closest in appearance to the Cyclopean pair, differ mainly in having the columns piled in terraces, one above another.</p><br>
<h2>Homer's legend</h2><br>
<p>There is an ancient tradition that the islands at one time formed part of the mainland of Sicily.</p><br>
<p>Homer has a curious story about the manner in which they became detached, towards the end of the ninth book of the Odyssey. When Odysseus visited Sicily it was inhabited by the Cyclopes, said to have had only one eye, on the forehead.</p><br>
<p>Odysseus encounters one of their number, Polyphemus, on his journey home to Ithaca, who kills two of Odysseus&#39;s men. Stuck inside Polyphemus&#39;s cave because he and his men are unable to move the boulder that blocks the entrance, Odysseus supplies Polyphemus with a special wine until he falls asleep, and blinds him by drilling the Cyclops&#39;s own wooden walking stick into his eye. Polyphemus opens the cave boulder and the Greeks escape to their ship; Polyphemus calls to the other Cyclopes for help and Odysseus, from the distance of his ship, begins to taunt and to jeer at him. Homer (Pope&#39;s translation) says:</p><br>
<p>Odysseus boasts that it was "Odysseus...Son of Laertes" who had burnt out Polyphemus&#39;s eye. Polyphemus invokes the vengeance of his father Poseidon, and:</p><br>
<p>The Great Slave Lake  is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada , the deepest lake in North America at 614 m, making it the 10th or 12th largest.</p><br>
<p>The lake shares its name with the Slavey First Nations. Towns situated on the lake include Yellowknife, Hay River, Behchoko, Fort Resolution, Lutselke, Hay River Reserve, Dettah, and NDilo. The only community in the East Arm is Lutselke, a hamlet of about 350 people, largely Chipewyan Aboriginals of the Dene Nation and the now abandoned winter camp/Hudsons Bay Company post, Fort Reliance. Along the south shore, east of Hay River is the abandoned Pine Point Mine and the company town of Pine Point.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>North American Aboriginal Peoples were the first settlers around the lake after the retreat of glacial ice. Archaeological evidence has revealed several different periods of cultural history, including: Northern Plano Palaeoindian tradition (8,000 years before present), Shield Archaic (6,500 years), Arctic Small Tool Tradition (3,500 years), and the Taltheilei Shale Tradition (2,500 years before present). Each culture has left a distinct mark in the archaeological record based on type or size of lithic tools.</p><br>
<p>Great Slave Lake was put on European maps during the emergence of the fur trade towards the northwest from Hudson Bay in the mid 18th century. The name Great Slave came from the Slavey Indians, one of the Athapaskan tribes living on its southern shores at that time. The name was influenced by Cree disdain for this rival tribe, with whom they shared a sordid history. As the French explorers dealt directly with the Cree traders, the large lake was referred to as "Grand lac des Esclaves" which was eventually translated into English as "Great Slave Lake".</p><br>
<p>British fur trader Samuel Hearne explored Great Slave Lake in 1771 and crossed the frozen lake, which he named Lake Athapuscow. In 1897-1898, the American frontiersman Charles "Buffalo" Jones traveled to the Arctic Circle, where his party wintered in a cabin that they had constructed near the Great Slave Lake. Jones&#39;s exploits of how he and his party shot and fended off a hungry wolf pack near Great Slave Lake was verified in 1907 by Ernest Thompson Seton and Edward Alexander Preble when they discovered the remains of the animals near the long abandoned cabin.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, gold was discovered on the North Arm of Great Slave Lake, leading to the establishment of Yellowknife which would become the capital of the NWT. In 1960, an all-season highway was built around the west side of the lake, originally an extension of the Mackenzie Highway but now known as Yellowknife Highway or Highway 3. On January 24, 1978, a Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite, named Kosmos 954, built with an onboard nuclear reactor fell from orbit and disintegrated. Pieces of the nuclear core fell in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake. 90% of the nuclear debris was recovered by a joint Canadian Armed Forces and United States Armed Forces military operation called Operation Morning Light.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and natural history</h2><br>
<p>The Hay, Slave and Taltson Rivers are its chief tributaries. It is drained by the Mackenzie River. Though the western shore is forested, the east shore and northern arm are tundra-like. The southern and eastern shores reach the edge of the Canadian Shield. Along with other lakes such as the Great Bear and Athabasca, it is a remnant of the vast glacial Lake McConnell.</p><br>
<p>The East Arm of Great Slave Lake is filled with islands, and the area is within the proposed Thaydene Nene National Park. The Pethei Peninsula separates the East Arm into McLeod Bay in the north and Christie Bay in the south. The lake is at least partially frozen during an average of eight months of the year.</p><br>
<p>The main western portion of the lake forms a moderately deep bowl with a surface area of 18,500 km&sup2; and a volume of 596 km3. This main portion has a maximum depth of 187.7 m and a mean depth of 32.2 m. To the east, McLeod Bay (62&deg;52&prime;N latitude, 110&deg;10&prime;W longitude) and Christie Bay (62&deg;32&prime;N latitude, 111&deg;00&prime;W longitude) are much deeper, with a maximum recorded depth in Christie Bay of 614 m</p><br>
<p>On some of the plains surrounding Great Slave Lake, climax polygonal bogs have formed, the early successional stage to which often consists of pioneer black spruce.</p><br>
<p>South of Great Slave Lake, in a remote corner of Wood Buffalo National Park, is the Whooping Crane Summer Range, a nesting site of a remnant flock of whooping cranes, discovered in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Bodies of water and tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Rivers that flow into Great Slave Lake include (going clockwise from the community of Behchoko)</p><br>
<p>Emile River</p><br>
<p>Snare River</p><br>
<p>Wecho River</p><br>
<p>Stagg River</p><br>
<p>Yellowknife River</p><br>
<p>Beaulieu River</p><br>
<p>Waldron River</p><br>
<p>Hoarfrost River</p><br>
<p>Lockhart River (Northwest Territories)</p><br>
<p>Snowdrift River</p><br>
<p>La Loche River</p><br>
<p>Thubun River</p><br>
<p>Terhul River</p><br>
<p>Taltson River</p><br>
<p>Slave River</p><br>
<p>Little Buffalo River</p><br>
<p>Buffalo River</p><br>
<p>Hay River</p><br>
<p>Mosquito Creek</p><br>
<p>Duport River</p><br>
<p>Marian Lake</p><br>
<p>North Arm</p><br>
<p>Yellowknife Bay</p><br>
<p>Resolution Bay</p><br>
<p>Deep Bay</p><br>
<p>McLeod Bay</p><br>
<p>Christie Bay</p><br>
<p>Sulphur Cove</p><br>
<p>Presqu&#39;ile Cove</p><br>
<p>Rocher River</p><br>
<p>Frank Channel</p><br>
<h2>Ice road</h2><br>
<p>Great Slave Lake has one ice road known as the Dettah ice road. It connects the Northwest Territories capital of Yellowknife to Dettah, a small First Nations fishing community also in the Northwest Territories.</p><br>
<h2>Ice Lake Rebels</h2><br>
<p>As of July 2014, the Animal Planet documentary series Ice Lake Rebels takes place on Great Slave Lake, and details the lives of houseboaters on the lake.</p><br>
<p>South Pass  is the collective term for two mountain passes on the Continental Divide, in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Wyoming. The passes are located in a broad low region, 35 mi wide, between the Wind River Range to the north and the Oregon Buttes and Great Divide Basin to the south, in southwestern Fremont County, approximately 35 mi SSW of Lander. South Pass is the lowest point on the Continental Divide between the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains. The passes furnish a natural crossing point of the Rockies. The historic pass became the route for emigrants on the Oregon, California, and Mormon trails to the West during the 19th century. It has been designated as a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The pass is a broad open saddle with prairie and sagebrush, allowing a broad and nearly level route between the Atlantic and Pacific watersheds. The Sweetwater River flows past the east side of the pass, and Pacific Creek rises on the west side. Historic South Pass is the lower of the two passes (elevation 7,412 ft), and was the easy crossing point used by emigrants. Wyoming Highway 28 crosses the Continental Divide 2.5 mi to the northwest at elevation 7,550 ft, and its crossing is also named South Pass. The Lander Cutoff Route crosses the Continental Divide at the far northwest end of the broad South Pass region, about 25 mi to the northwest of the South Passes, at an elevation of 8,030 ft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1812 discovery of the pass, by European Americans, as a natural crossing point of the Rockies was a significant, but surprisingly difficult achievement in the westward expansion of the United States. Because the Lewis and Clark Expedition was searching for a water route across the Continental Divide, it did not learn of South Pass from any Native Americans in the area. Instead, the expedition followed a northerly route up the Missouri River, crossing the Rockies over difficult passes in the Bitterroot Range in Montana.</p><br>
<p>In 1812 Robert Stuart and six companions from the Pacific Fur Company (the Astorians) happened to cross the Rockies at this point, while trying to avoid Indians further north, on their return to St. Louis, Missouri from Astoira, Oregon. In 1856 Ramsay Crooks, one of the party, wrote a letter describing their journey:</p><br>
<p>Despite Stuart&#39;s meticulous journal of the trip, which he presented to Astor and President James Madison, and published in France, the location of the South Pass did not become widely known. For more than a decade, European-American trappers continued to use a longer, more northern route. It included an extra mountain range to be crossed and had a shorter season for crossing.</p><br>
<p>In 1823 a St. Louis merchant named W. H. Ashley led a party up the Sweetwater to its source, rediscovered the pass, and spent the summer in its vicinity trapping. He returned again in 1824, this time going as far as Great Salt Lake and setting up a trading post there, which after three profitable years he sold to the Rocky Mountain Fur Company, headed by Jedediah Smith, William Sublette, and David Jackson.</p><br>
<p>In 1832 Captain Benjamin Bonneville and a caravan of 110 men and 20 wagons became the first group to take wagons over the pass. In July 1836, Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Spalding were the first white pioneer women to cross South Pass. Between 1848 and 1868, South Pass was the preferred crossing point for emigrants westward, most of whom followed the Sweetwater River across Wyoming to its headwaters, following the Central Route. Before the railroads offered an easier crossing in 1869, perhaps half a million emigrants would trek through South Pass.</p><br>
<p>Gold had been discovered in the gulches near the pass as early as 1842. However, it was not until 1867, when an ore sample was transported to Salt Lake City, that an influx of miners descended into the region. The gold rush led to the establishment of booming mining communities, such as South Pass City and Atlantic City. The placer gold in the streams was exhausted quickly, however, and by 1870 the miners began leaving the region. In 1884, Emile Granier, a French mining engineer, established a hydraulic drilling operation that allowed gold mining to continue. Gold mining was revived in nearby Rock Creek in the 1930s. Additionally, from the 1960s through 1983, a USA Steel iron ore mine operated in Atlantic City.</p><br>
<p>South Pass was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Highway 28 traverses the modern pass, roughly following the route of the Oregon Trail. Wagon ruts are still clearly visible at numerous sites within a few miles of the highway.</p><br>
<p>Fota  is an island in Cork Harbour, Ireland, just north of the larger island of Great Island. Fota Island is host to Ireland&#39;s only wildlife park – as well as the historical Fota House and gardens and golf course owned by the "Fota Island Golf Club and Resort". The island comprises two townlands both called Foaty: one each in the civil parishes of Clonmel  and Carrigtohill .</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Although Foaty is the spelling fixed in the nineteenth century by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, Fota is now more common. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may be of Hiberno-Norse origin, with second element Old Norse oy "island&quot Donnchadh Ó Corráin suggests fódr oy "foot island", from its position at the mouth of the River Lee down from Cork city; some medieval references have an -r- in the name. Ó Corráin is sceptical of proposed Gaelic etymologies, fód thige "sod house", fodh teith "warm sod", and feóidhte "decayed/withered".</p><br>
<h2>Fota House and Gardens</h2><br>
<h3>Fota House</h3><br>
<p>Fota House was the former home of the Smith-Barry family (Earls of Barrymore since 1627), descendants of Philip de Barry. The de Barry family came from Wales as part of the Norman invasion of Ireland. The family were granted lands at Fota and elsewhere in 1185. The family first resided at Barryscourt Castle, Carrigtwohill, then at Castlelyons where they held extensive lands. Fota House was originally a hunting lodge and became the family&#39;s main residence in the 1820s when the architect, Sir Richard Morrison (1767–1849) and his son Vetruvius Morrison (1794–1838), created the present regency mansion with over 70 rooms.</p><br>
<p>The last member of the Smith-Barry family to live in Fota House was Dorothy Elizabeth Bell (1894–1975), daughter of Arthur Smith-Barry, 1st Baron Barrymore (1843–1925). She continued to develop and record the plant collections in the gardens and in the arboretum, which her family had started in the 1840s. On Mrs Bell&#39;s death in 1975 the estate was sold to University College, Cork.</p><br>
<p>During the latter part of the last century, the house fell into some disrepair – culminating in the collapse of a ceiling. This closed the house to the public for some time. It was restored using EU, Irish government and private funding, prior to reopening in early 2002. In December 2007, the new Irish Heritage Trust took over responsibility for Fota House.</p><br>
<h3>Fota Gardens</h3><br>
<p>Fota Gardens are in the grounds of Fota House. These consist of a structured arboretum, walled garden and terraces. The gardens include rare and exotic shrubs and trees, along with an extensive rose garden.</p><br>
<p>The layout and structure of the arboretum and gardens date largely from the tenure of the Smith-Barry family, who recognised the significance of Fota&#39;s sheltered location and warm soil — "Fota" is derived from the Irish "Fód te" meaning warm soil. The conditions are appropriate for the growing and cultivation of certain trees and exotic plants.</p><br>
<p>The development of the arboretum and gardens coincided with the great plant hunting expeditions around the world bringing back specimens from places such as Asia, South America and the Pacific coast of northwest America. SOme of these rare plants found their way to Fota within a few years of their discovery.</p><br>
<p>In the 1840s, John Smith-Barry ensured that trees were well-spaced - enabling them to thrive with displays of seasonal colour. The family also recorded the plant collections throughout the 19th and most of the 20th century and this work of cataloguing, conservation and development continues today.</p><br>
<p>Many of these plant collections are arranged in association with the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, and other botanic institutions such as the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 the State was given control of the arboretum and gardens. They are now administered by the Office of Public Works in conjunction with the Irish Heritage Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Fota Island Resort</h2><br>
<p>Fota Island Resort lies within a 780-acre estate (originally the Fota House demesne) comprising woodlands and landscaped areas. Its golf course consisted of three par 71 championship courses. These courses were named Deerpark (Par 71), Belvelly (Par 72) and Barryscourt (Par 73). Golf was first played in Fota Island in 1886. Since then it was continually developed and became one of the premier locations in golfing. In 1993, Fota Island Golf Club was further developed by Christy OConnor Junior (Irish Ryder Cup), and Peter McEvoy (two-time British Amateur Champion). The golf resort has hosted a number of tournaments, including the Irish Club Professional Championship, 2011 PGA Europro "Audi Cork Irish Masters", and the Murphys Irish Open in 2001 and 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 the resort was purchased by the Killeen Group (owners of Mount Juliet Golf & Spa Hotel in Kilkenny), who invested to bring facilities in-line with European Tour standards. In November 2004, Killeen sold the club to the Fleming Group. The Fleming Group also improved the course by renovating some of the holes and reseeding the trees surrounding the golf course. In 2006, the Fleming Group completed construction of the 5-star Fota Island Hotel & Spa as well self-catering accommodation.</p><br>
<p>On 27 September 2013, Fota Island Resort management announced a handover to new owners, the Kang Family Worldwide Group. The Kang family, originally from Hebei Province in China, acquired the 500-acre resort from the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA).</p><br>
<h2>Fota Wildlife Park</h2><br>
<p>Opened in July 1983 by the President of Ireland, Dr Patrick Hillery, Fota Wildlife Park has the primary aim of conservation of global wildlife. It is a joint project of the Zoological Society of Ireland and University College, Cork.</p><br>
<p>Fota Wildlife Park has more than 70 species of exotic wildlife in open surroundings. Animals include ostriches, giraffes, kangaroos, zebras and antelope. Most of the animals who inhabit the island are allowed to roam throughout more than 202,000 m&sup2; of mature grassland, with the exception of the cheetahs and other predators, which have fenced enclosures. Ring-tailed lemurs, wallabies and other animals freely roam the park.</p><br>
<p>Many of the animals at Fota are under threat of extinction, and Fota Wildlife Park is involved in breeding programs for these endangered species, as well as being a breeding source for other zoos around the world. For example, under these programs, "Bonnie", a red panda from Dublin Zoo, was moved to Fota to breed with Fota&#39;s male panda "Pete".</p><br>
<p>An Asian sanctuary opened between in 2015, and includes enclosures for tigers and other animals. In 2015 the park was the ninth most popular paid attraction in Ireland, with 436,000 visitors that year.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>By rail, the island is served by Fota railway station, which opened on 1 July 1865.</p><br>
<p>By road, Fota lies just south of the N25 road from Cork to Rosslare. It is directly accessible via Cobh and Carrigtwohill on the R624 regional road - which runs from Tullagreen (N25 Southside Carrigtwohill-Cobh interchange) to Cobh town Center.</p><br>
<p>Grauman&#39;s Egyptian Theatre is a noted movie theater located at 6706 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. Opened in 1922, it is an early example of a lavish movie palace and is noted as having been the site of the first-ever Hollywood film premiere. Since 1998 it has been operated by the American Cinematheque film archive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Egyptian Theatre was built by showman Sid Grauman and real estate developer Charles E. Toberman, who subsequently built the nearby El Capitan Theatre and Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard. Grauman had previously opened one of the United States&#39; first movie palaces, the Million Dollar Theater, on Broadway in Downtown Los Angeles in 1918. The Egyptian Theatre cost $800,000 to build and took eighteen months to construct. Architects Meyer & Holler designed the building and it was built by The Milwaukee Building Company.</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Theatre was the venue for the first-ever Hollywood premiere, Robin Hood, starring Douglas Fairbanks, on Wednesday, October 18, 1922. As the film reportedly cost over $1 million to produce, the admission price to the premiere was $5.00. One could reserve a seat up to two weeks in advance for the daily performances. Evening admission was 75¢, $1.00 or $1.50. The film was not shown in any other Los Angeles theater during that year.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, Grauman opened a second movie theater further west on Hollywood Boulevard. In keeping with the public fascination in that era with international themes, he named his new theater the Chinese Theatre. Its popularity eventually rivaled and surpassed the Egyptian because of its numerous celebrity handprints, footprints, and signatures in the cement of its forecourt.</p><br>
<h2>Inspiration for other movie theatres</h2><br>
<p>The layout, design and name of the Egyptian Theatre was emulated by other movie palaces in the USA. Peery&#39;s Egyptian Theatre in Ogden, Utah, opened in 1924, is one example.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the theatre is in the Egyptian Revival style. However, the attentive visitor will notice roof pans above the main entrance, items which are not in ancient Egyptian style. The original plans for the theatre show a Hispanic-themed theatre, but at some point these plans were changed to an Egyptian style. It is probable that this was due to public fascination with the multiple expeditions searching for the tomb of Tutankhamun by archaeologist Howard Carter over the preceding years. (Carter eventually discovered the tomb on November 4, 1922—just two weeks after the Egyptian Theatre opened.) At that time the change in architectural style was determined, the Hispanic-styled roof pans had already been delivered and paid for; they were kept and used in the building.</p><br>
<p>Following the destruction from the 1994 Northridge earthquake architecture and design studio Hodgetts + Fung was brought on to design a new cinema and update the technology to accommodate the American Cinematheque’s programming of film and new media in 1997. The exterior was restored to its original appearance a year later while projection, sound, seating, mechanical systems, and circulation were brought up to 21st century standards. In 2000, the project won the National Preservation Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The exterior and interior walls contain Egyptian-style paintings and hieroglyphs. The four massive columns that mark the theatre&#39;s main entrance are 4+1/2 ft wide and rise 20 ft.</p><br>
<p>Capitalizing on Southern Californias sunny weather is the large courtyard (45 x) in the front, complete with a fountain and queen palm trees. This is actually the "entrance hall" (the theatre doors used to open directly into the auditorium) and was specifically designed to host the theatres famous red carpet ceremonies. Guided tours are offered by American Cinematheque&#39;s staff on weekends.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Reflecting the ebb and flow of Hollywoods popularity as a location, the Egyptians fortunes also changed over the years. As Hollywood declined in the 1980s and early 1990s, the theatre eventually fell into disrepair. In 1996, the city of Los Angeles sold the theatre to the American Cinematheque for a nominal one dollar with the provision that the landmark building be restored to its original grandeur and re-opened as a movie theatre. The Cinematheque committed to raising the funds to pay for the restoration and to using the renovated theatre as home for its programs of public film exhibition.</p><br>
<p>The Egyptian Theatre was re-opened to the public on December 4, 1998, after a $12.8 million renovation. The original theatre seated 1760 patrons in a single auditorium. In the restored Egyptian the building has been reconfigured to add a second screening theatre. The main theatre now accommodates 616 patrons and is named after Los Angeles philanthropist Lloyd E. Rigler. The smaller, 77-seat theatre is named for Hollywood director Steven Spielberg.</p><br>
<p>Rib Mountain, also known as Rib Hill, is a glacially-eroded monadnock in central Wisconsin, located in the Town of Rib Mountain in Marathon County. Composed of quartzite covered with a softer syenite sheath, it was intruded about 1.5 billion years ago.</p><br>
<p>Rib Mountain is near Wausau on the west side of the Wisconsin River, just west of Interstate 39 and just south of Highway 29. The nearby Wausau Downtown Airport at an elevation of 1201 feet, is located three miles to the east.</p><br>
<p>Rib Mountain is almost 4 mi long and peaks at 1,942 ft above sea level and 741 ft above the local terrain, making it the point with the greatest difference in height from peak to surrounding terrain in the state of Wisconsin. The Rib River and Little Rib River are nearby.</p><br>
<p>Rib Mountain is home to the Rib Mountain State Park and the Granite Peak Ski Area. The peak is also the site of transmitters for radio and TV stations in the Wausau area, and is the namesake for Wisconsin Public Televisions WHRM-TV (Channel 20) and WHRM-FM (90.9), Wisconsin Public Radios news and classical network station for the area.</p><br>
<p>It also makes room for the transmitter at the top for WIFC.</p><br>
<p>Local legend states that the "ribs" in Rib Mountain denote that it is the burial site of Paul Bunyan. The nearby Mosinee Hill is said to be the grave of Babe the Blue Ox.</p><br>
<p>When the ski area opened on the slopes of Rib Mountain in 1937, it was one of the first ski areas in North America. Stowe Mountain Resort in Vermont had opened a few years earlier in 1934. Sun Valley in Idaho had become the nation&#39;s first ski area in the western states in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The Lagan Valley  is an area of Northern Ireland between Belfast and Lisburn. The Lagan is a famous river that flows into Belfast Lough. For a section, the river forms part of the border between the counties of Antrim and Down.</p><br>
<p>It has a number of interesting features including a towpath which runs alongside the River Lagan. The towpath is popular with walkers, runners, cyclists, dog owners etc. It is a very scenic and peaceful area and is ideal for walking, cycling etc. The towpath begins in the Stranmillis area of south Belfast and runs all the way to Lisburn. The cycle route forms part of National Cycle Route 9.There are a number of "off route" mountain bike trails along the towpath.</p><br>
<p>Lagan Valley is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The AONB was established in 1965 and the greater part of it lies within the Greater Belfast area.</p><br>
<h2>Political constituency</h2><br>
<p>The Lagan Valley is also the name of a constituency in the House of Commons covering Lisburn and surrounding areas, as well as the Assembly constituency in the same area.</p><br>
<p>The parliamentary constituency has been a Unionist stronghold. The current MP for the constituency is Jeffrey Donaldson of the Democratic Unionist Party who was first elected as an Ulster Unionist Party candidate in 1997, retaining the seat in 2001. Following his defection to the DUP he retained the seat in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Phnom Krom  is a 140 m high hill close to Siem Reap city, Cambodia and there is a temple located on the top which derived its name from the hill, "Prasat Phnom Krom" . Prasat means "temple".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Phnom Krom is located about 12 kilometers southwest of Siem Reap town.</p><br>
<p>Phnom Krom hill is very rocky; local legend has it that the rocks were exposed by the monkey general Hanuman during a hunt for medicine in the Ramayana epic. The area beyond the temple’s west gate affords a spectacular view of the Tonle Sap lake.</p><br>
<h2>Phnom Krom temple</h2><br>
<p>There is an Angkorian temple named " Prasat Phnom Krom " which is located on top of the hill. It is a Hindu shrine dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.</p><br>
<p>The temple was built at the end of the 9th century, during the reign of King Yasovarman (889 A.D.-910 A.D.).</p><br>
<p>Oriented toward the east, the hilltop temple is enclosed by a wall built of laterite blocks. Along the walls&#39; top runs a cornice. Gates bisect the walls at each of the four cardinal directions. Just inside the east gate are four small buildings arrayed in a north-south row, possibly formerly used as crematoria. Inside the walls on the north and south sides are three halls, now collapsed. The temple’s focus is three towers, also in a row running north to south. They sit atop a platform reached by staircases of seven steps. The southern tower is dedicated to Brahma, the central to Shiva, the northern to Vishnu. Unusually, the three other two sides, Its layout is identical to Phnom Bok which must have been built at the same time.</p><br>
<p>They were built of sandstone; much of their carving and detail has been lost to erosion including, the lintels in very poor condition, feature garlands and inward-facing makaras. Octagonal colonettes decorate the doorways.</p><br>
<p>Phnom Krom is the southernmost of three hilltop temples built in the Angkor region during the reign of Yasovarman. The other two are Phnom Bakheng and Phnom Bok.</p><br>
<h2>Phnom Krom railway</h2><br>
<p>Phnom Krom was at the southern end of the Phnom Krom railway, a narrow-gauge French colonial railway that was most likely constructed to take stone quarried on the now defunct quarries on Phnom Krom to Siem Reap.</p><br>
<p>Minamidaitōjima, also spelt as Minami Daitō or Minami-Daitō, is the largest island in the Daitō Islands group southeast of Okinawa, Japan. It is administered as part of the village of Minamidaitō, Okinawa. Shimajiri District, Okinawa and has a population of 2,107. The island is entirely cultivated for agriculture, although it lacks freshwater sources. The island has no beaches or harbor, and cargo must be loaded/offloaded by crane; however the island has an airport Minami Daito Airport .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Minamidaitōjima is a relatively isolated coralline island, located approximately 9 km south of Kitadaitōjima, the second largest island of the archipelago, and 360 km from Naha, Okinawa. As with the other islands in the archipelago, Minamidaitōjima is an uplifted coral atoll with a steep coastal cliff of limestone (the former fringing coral reef of the island), and a depressed center (the former lagoon of the island). The island is roughly oval in shape, with a circumference of about 13.52 km, length of 4.85 km and an area of 11.94 km&sup2;. The highest point is 74 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Minamidaitōjima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year; the wettest month is June and the driest month is February. The island is subject to frequent typhoons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is uncertain when Minamidaitōjima was discovered. It is the most likely that their first sighting was by the Spanish navigator Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, in between 25 September and 2 October, during his abortive attempt to reach New Spain from the Philippines with the San Juan de Letran. It was then charted, together with Kitadaitōjima, as Las Dos Hermanas (The Two Sisters). There is little doubt that Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima were again sighted by the Spanish on 28 July 1587, by Pedro de Unamuno who named them Islas sin Probecho (Useless Islands). In 1788 the British captain John Meares named an island in the vicinity “Grampus Island”, but the recorded coordinates are not correct and it is not certain which of the Daitō island he sighted. The French also reported sighting an island in 1807. However, on 2 July 1820 the Russian vessel Borodino surveyed the two Daitō islands, and named the south as "South Borodino Island".</p><br>
<p>The island remained uninhabited until claimed by the Empire of Japan in 1885. In 1900, a team of pioneers from Hachijōjima, one of the Izu Islands located 287 km south of Tokyo led by Tamaoki Han&#39;emon (1838 &ndash; 1910), became the first human inhabitants of the island, and started the cultivation of sugar cane. The population reached 4000 in 1919. During this period until World War II, Minamidaitōjima was owned in its entirety by Dai Nippon Sugar (now Dai Nippon Meiji Sugar), which provided community services and subsidized pricing for its employees, and of whom were seasonal workers from Okinawa and Taiwan.</p><br>
<p>The island was garrisoned by the Japanese military in 1942. As the war situation worsened for Japan, many of the civilian inhabitants were evacuated to Okinawa, Kyushu or Hachijojima in 1944. The island was repeatedly bombed and shelled by the United States Navy from February to June 1945.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the island was occupied by the United States, at which time its civilian population was 1426. The island was returned to Japan in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Wayland&#39;s Smithy is a Neolithic long barrow and chamber tomb site located near the Uffington White Horse and Uffington Castle, at Ashbury in the English county of Oxfordshire. It is very near to The Ridgeway, an ancient road running along the Berkshire Downs.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists have established that the monument was built by pastoralist communities shortly after the introduction of agriculture to Britain from continental Europe. Although representing part of an architectural tradition of long barrow building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe, Wayland&#39;s Smithy belongs to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the south-west of Britain, now known as the Severn-Cotswold group. Of these, it is in one of the best surviving conditions.</p><br>
<p>The later mound was 185 ft long and 43 ft wide at the south end. Its present appearance is the result of restoration following excavations undertaken by Stuart Piggott and Richard Atkinson in 1962–63. They demonstrated that the site had been built in two different phases, a timber-chambered oval barrow built around 3590 and 3550 BC and a later stone-chambered long barrow in around 3460 to 3400 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British history. Between 4500 and 3800 BCE, it saw a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living in the British Isles adopted agriculture as their primary form of subsistence, abandoning the hunter-gatherer lifestyle that had characterised the preceding Mesolithic period. This came about through contact with continental societies, although it is unclear to what extent this can be attributed to an influx of migrants or to indigenous Mesolithic Britons adopting agricultural technologies from the continent.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The wooden mortuary house mainly consisted of a paved stone floor with two large posts at either end. A single crouched burial had been placed at one end and the mostly disarticulated remains of a further 14 individuals were scattered in front of it. Analysis of these remains indicated that they had been subjected to excarnation before burial and deposited in possibly four different phases. Postholes at one end have been interpreted as supporting a timber facade. The whole monument was covered by an earth barrow with material excavated from two flanking ditches and measured around 20m in length.</p><br>
<p>The later stone tomb consists of two opposing transept chambers and terminal chamber; along with the longer entrance chamber, this gives the burial area a cruciform appearance in plan. At the entrance four large sarsen stones stand (originally six, but two are lost), having been returned to their upright locations following the 1962 excavations. It is classified by archaeologists as one of the Severn-Cotswold tombs. The large trapezoidal earth barrow erected over it was revetted with a stone kerb and its material was again excavated from two large flanking ditches. Excavation in 1919 revealed the jumbled remains of seven adults and one child.</p><br>
<p>The site is important as it illustrates a transition from a timber-chambered barrow to stone-chamber tomb over a period that may have been as short as 50 years. Carbon dating of the burials in the second tomb suggest it was a late use of this style of burial, being similar to West Kennet Long Barrow, which had been in use 200 years before.</p><br>
<p>Waylands Smithy is one of many prehistoric sites associated with Wayland or Wolund, a Germanic smith-god. The name was seemingly applied to the site by the Saxons who settled in the area some four thousand years after Waylands Smithy was built. The first documented use of the name was in 955 AD, in a Saxon charter of King Eadred.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>In 1738, Francis Wise recorded a belief held about the site in local folklore. Like several other early commentators, Wise referred to the site not as "Wayland&#39;s Smithy", but only as "Wayland Smith". Wise related that:</p><br>
<p>The deposition of coins at the site has taken place since at least the 1960s, with visitors lodging the coins into cracks in the sites stones. As of 2015, the local wardens from The National Trust are tasked with removing said deposits, and circa 2010 English Heritage removed information about the coin deposition custom from the sites information panel. The coins removed by the wardens are then donated to local charities. As the folklorist Ceri Houlbrook noted, all of this deposited material "contributes to the ritual narrative of a site", being "integral to the contextualisation of a site".</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Walter Scotts Elizabethan novel Kenilworth (published 1821) features both the stone chambered tomb and a character named Wayland Smith&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Julian Cope included a song called "Wayland&#39;s Smithy Has Wings" on his 1992 album The Skellington Chronicles.</p><br>
<p>Author Patricia Kennealy-Morrison has a protagonist named Turk Wayland in her Rennie Stride mystery series, and sets a scene at the end of the fourth book, A Hard Slays Night: Murder at the Royal Albert Hall, at Waylands Smithy.</p><br>
<p>Rudyard Kipling, in his interlinked collection of stories Puck of Pook&#39;s Hill, set many of the stories near the Smithy, and told of the arrival of the smith god in the first.</p><br>
<p>Both the Uffington White Horse and Wayland&#39;s Smithy were incorporated into the BBC miniseries The Moon Stallion, produced in 1978. In the serial, set in 1906, the stones are associated with witchcraft.</p><br>
<p>The British music group Radiohead recorded a music video here for their non-album single "Pop Is Dead".</p><br>
<p>Dianchi Lake , also known as Lake Dian and Kunming Lake , is a large lake located on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau close to Kunming, Yunnan, in southern China. Its nickname is the "Sparkling Pearl Embedded in a Highland" and it was the model for the Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace in Beijing. Its name is the source of Yunnan&#39;s Chinese abbreviation.</p><br>
<p>It is a freshwater fault lake at 1,886.5 m above sea level. The lake covers 298 km&sup2;. It is 39 km long from north to south, and the average depth is 4.4 m. It is the eighth largest lake in China and the largest in Yunnan Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chinese character for the lake is a phonosemantic compound of the radical ("water") and the character, whose current pronunciation is zhēn but whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as *tin.</p><br>
<p>Dianchi Lake was the site of the capital of the independent kingdom of the Cuan (爨) during the first millennium AD. At that time, it was known as Kunchuan (昆川).</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>Pollution is a major problem for the lake. In the city of Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, parts of which are subtropical, there was traditionally no talk of water shortage, since the city is right next to one of Asias biggest freshwater lakes. But 90 percent of Kunmings wastewater was pumped untreated into the lake until the first wastewater plant was built in 1990. In addition, much of the marsh system around the lake was destroyed during the Great Leap Forward in a misguided effort to raise rice production by filling the marshes in with trucked-in soil. Agricultural runoff is also a major problem.</p><br>
<p>The lake water is now undrinkable despite several billion US dollars having been spent trying to clean it up. Some experts predict that over 55% of the lake&#39;s fish population has been killed off by this disease-ridden type of pollution.The water in the lake is rated Grade V (the worst grade) which makes the water unfit for agricultural or industrial uses.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Together with other Yunnan lakes (Fuxian, Qilu, Yangzong, Xingyun, and Yilong), Dian Lake is recognized as an ecoregion. Among three major Yunnan lakes with a high number of endemics, the two other being Fuxian and Erhai, the most drastic loss of biodiversity has been seen in Dian. Of the 25 native fish species and subspecies in Dian Lake, 10 are endemic to the basin: Acheilognathus elongatus, Anabarilius alburnops, Anabarilius polylepis, Cyprinus micristius micristius, Liobagrus kingi, Pseudobagrus medianalis, Silurus mento, Sinocyclocheilus grahami, Sphaerophysa dianchiensis and Xenocypris yunnanensis. Today the only endemic fish known to survive in the lake itself is Anabarilius alburnops, but it is endangered. The remaining have not been recorded there since the 1990s or earlier, and most of these are likely extinct. Two other species, Schizothorax grahami and Yunnanilus nigromaculatus, are endemic to the general region, but have also disappeared from Dian Lake itself. Among the non-endemic natives, only gold fish and Asian swamp eel still live in Dian Lake. In contrast to the status of the natives, the lake is now home to more than 25 introduced fish species.</p><br>
<p>The Yunnan lake newt (Cynops wolterstorffi) was endemic to the lake, but it has not been seen since 1979 and is considered extinct.</p><br>
<p>Many native hydrophytes have also disappeared from the lake.</p><br>
<p>Goat Fell  is the highest point on the Isle of Arran. At 874 metres , it is one of four Corbetts on the island. The mountain, along with nearby Brodick Castle, is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The name is believed to mean Goat Mountain (from the Norse geita).</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Due to the popularity of "Scotland in miniature" (Arran), Goat Fell is a very popular peak and there are many possible routes of ascent, some of which may be combined with visits to the summits of other nearby peaks. The most commonly used route, a constructed path of just over 3 miles (5 km) in length, starts from near Brodick Castle in Cladach. Initially the path leads up through the forested grounds of the castle, passing many rhododendron bushes. At just under 1,000 ft (300 m) above sea level the path leaves the forestry, and the route continues through bare moorland, reaching the summit by way of the east ridge of the mountain. There is a viewpoint table at the summit: on a clear day Ireland may be seen.</p><br>
<p>An alternative shorter and steeper route comes up from the village of Corrie. This route joins the main path on the east ridge. Goat Fell may also be climbed from the north, where it is linked by a ridge to the subsidiary top of North Goatfell, a point from which three ridges radiate. In addition to the ridge leading south to the main summit, there is a ridge heading northeast, providing some very easy scrambling as it passes over Cìoch na h-Òighe (the Young Maiden&#39;s Breast). Finally, the western ridge drops down to a bealach known as The Saddle, before climbing again towards the summit of Cìr Mhòr. The right-of-way between Glen Rosa and Glen Sannox passes over The Saddle.</p><br>
<p>It is also the historical scene of a murder that caused national controversy in July 1889 when John Laurie was convicted of killing Edwin Rose.</p><br>
<p>Modoc Point is a cliff on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, in Klamath County, Oregon, United States, approximately 15 miles north of Klamath Falls on U.S. Route 97. It is part of the larger cliff known as Modoc Rim or Modoc Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The point is named for the Modoc tribe of Native Americans because it was assigned to them when they moved on to the Klamath Reservation, following a treaty in 1864. This area was then part of the reservation. Captain Jack and his band lived in this area from December 31, 1869, to April 26, 1870. Due to continued harassment by the Klamath, the Modoc left the reservation to return to their traditional territory to the south on the Lost River in present-day California. This was before the Modoc War (1872-1873).</p><br>
<p>Klamath folklore frequently features this location; they called it Kiuti or Muyant. It was also called Nilakla, meaning "dawn" or "sunrise". William G. Steel stated that the point was known as Nilakla, the Klamath word for "dawn" or "sunrise".</p><br>
<p>Modoc Point was the namesake for a railroad station and post office just north of the point.</p><br>
<p>Pico El Yunque or El Yunque Peak is a mountain that is located fully within the boundaries of the El Yunque National Forest, part of the USA Forest Service, which is the only tropical rainforest that belongs to the USA Forest Service. The peak itself is one of the highest in Puerto Rico, standing at 1,080 meters  above sea level. The peak is nearly always covered in thin mist and, due to its high humidity, a quick shower develops during some afternoons.</p><br>
<p>Its name is Spanish for "The Anvil".</p><br>
<h2>Neighboring Peaks</h2><br>
<p>Cerro de Punta (1,338 m 4,390 ft)</p><br>
<p>Toro Negro (1,074 m 3533 ft)</p><br>
<p>Pico Del Oeste (1,056m (3,446 ft)</p><br>
<p>El Cacique (1,020m 3,346 ft)</p><br>
<p>Mount Briton (937m 3,075 ft)</p><br>
<p>La Mina de Pantalones (931m 3,055 ft)</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>El Yunque is classified as having a tropical monsoon climate, which is rare and tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Am" (Tropical Monsoon Climate). The area receives over 100 inches of rainfall every year.</p><br>
<p>The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in the Malay archipelago.</p><br>
<p>They are further divided into the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The islands are divided up between four countries, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Much of the islands are the territory of Indonesia. The island of Borneo is divided up between Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The island of Timor is divided between East Timor and Indonesia. Two small islands also belong to East Timor.</p><br>
<h2>List of islands</h2><br>
<p>Greater Sunda Islands</p><br>
<p>Borneo</p><br>
<p>Java</p><br>
<p>Sumatra</p><br>
<p>Sulawesi</p><br>
<p>Lesser Sunda Islands, from west to east</p><br>
<p>Bali</p><br>
<p>Lombok</p><br>
<p>Sumbawa</p><br>
<p>Flores</p><br>
<p>Sumba</p><br>
<p>Timor</p><br>
<p>Alor archipelago</p><br>
<p>Barat Daya Islands</p><br>
<p>Tanimbar Islands</p><br>
<p>Fair Park is a 277 acre recreational and educational complex located in Dallas, Texas . The area, which is immediately southeast of downtown Dallas, is registered as a Dallas Landmark and National Historic Landmark. Many of the buildings were constructed for the Texas Centennial Exposition in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park has been designated a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was established as an 80-acre fairground on the outskirts of East Dallas for the Dallas State Fair in 1886. In 1904, after a fire and financial loss by the fair association, voters approved the "Reardon Plan,". It became Dallas&#39; second public park and became known as "Fair Park."</p><br>
<p>An important figure in Fair Park&#39;s development was landscape architect and city planner George Kessler. In 1906, he was responsible for the first formal plan for the park influenced by the City Beautiful Movement. The City Beautiful Movement advocated well planned public spaces, tree-lined boulevards, monuments, public art, and fountains which would ‘beautify’ the city.</p><br>
<p>A milestone in Fair Parks history was 1936, when the Texas Centennial Exposition was held there. In preparation for the six-month event, the appearance of the park was dramatically altered by architect George Dahl and consulting architect Paul Cret. The park was transformed from an early 20th-century fairground into an Art Deco showcase. While many of the expositions buildings were meant to be temporary, several have survived and have been restored to some extent. Over the years the park was expanded to its current 277 acres.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986</p><br>
<p>and in 1988 administration of the park was transferred to the Dallas Parks Department. Today, the cultural facilities and annual events attract an unsubstantiated estimate of 5 million visitors annually, the bulk of which attend during the 24-day State Fair of Texas.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration and future</h3><br>
<p>Many of the existing art deco buildings have been restored visually to their 1936 appearance and upgraded to modern building standards. In anticipation of DART&#39;s light rail service the historic Parry Avenue entrance gates were restored in 2009. The four cameo reliefs on Centennial Building underwent a professional conservation treatment in 2000 and the Esplanade fountain pylons and six monumental sculptures in 2004. Several sculptures were reconstructed and feature a dramatic light and water show.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Fair Park Comprehensive Development plan was produced by Hargreaves Associates. This comprehensive plan included recommendations for the physical site, park programs, activities, funding options, and management alternatives. The park received a $72 million city bond allocation in 2006 for repairs and improvements.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, a blue ribbon task force appointed by Mayor Mike Rawlings submitted a report on the rejuvenation of Fair Park. The Mayors Task Force plan envisions a public-private partnership led by a non profit organization to be charged with over arching powers to control the revitalization of Fair Park, including the State Fair of Texas. Architect/City planner Antonio Di Mambro, with international experience in infrastructure planning and neighborhood revitalization, encouraged the Mayor to use the Task Force report as a building block for constructive dialogue with residents, stakeholders and the neighborhoods around Fair Park. Following the presentation of the Task Force Plan, Mayor Mike Rawlings said, "I felt passion by all the council and park board members that they want Fair Park to be all it can be and theyre interested in taking this big challenge on".</p><br>
<p>In March 2015, the State Fair pushed back on any notion of tightening up the footprint of its current operation. Dallas Morning News reporter Robert Wilonsky called the State Fairs response "rather dramatic" The article also quoted Stephen Page of the closed Texas Museum of Automotive History from 2012 as saying, "The Citys requirement that tenants vacate the majority of the buildings in Fair Park during the State Fair is the principal reason for Fair Parks ongoing decline." Wilonsky also quoted a ‘prominent member of the Mayors Task Force’ as suggesting privately "that the State Fair&#39;s presence at Fair Park also needs to be greatly reduced."</p><br>
<p>On November 18, 2015 Dallas City Council considered Mayor Mike Rawlings proposal to turn over management of a blighted Fair Park to a non-profit corporation headed up by the "Father of DART" Walt Humann. Under the Mayors plan, the city would still own the 277-acre site, but a non-profit foundation would manage the grounds and assets. In 2016 Mayor Mike Rawlings&#39; proposal to turn the park over to a non-profit corporation headed by Humann was defeated by the Dallas City Attorney and a lack of support by Dallas City Council.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural district</h2><br>
<p>Many Dallas cultural institutions call Fair Park home.</p><br>
<p>The Hall of State is managed by the Dallas Historical Society, which hosts exhibits inside about Dallas history and culture.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mill Inn was one of the few Texas Centennial Exposition buildings not to incorporate Art Deco styling. Clad in fieldstone with heavy-timber construction, this was the exhibit building for the flour milling industry. It now sporadically serves Fair Park as a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>This little-known project by New York architect William Lescaze introduced European Modernism to Texas in 1936. The design of this hospitality lounge for the Magnolia Petroleum Company included elements commonly found in Art Deco architecture. However, the building&#39;s overall image was radically different from that of any other structure at the Texas Centennial Exposition.</p><br>
<p>Site of Theatre 47, the first professional, regional theater company in the United States, the small performing space pays tribute to the visionary founder of Americas regional theater movement. Immediately adjacent to the Magnolia Lounge is the former Hall of Religion.</p><br>
<p>The current museum building occupies virtually the same site as the Texas Centennial Exposition&#39;s Hall of Negro Life. It boasts a permanent collection that consists of the works of such highly regarded African American artists as Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Larry D. Alexander, John T. Biggers, Clementine Hunter, Benny Andrews, Edward Mitchell Bannister and Arthello Beck</p><br>
<p>South of the Midway, George Dahl arranged Dallas&#39;s future cultural institutions informally around a tranquil lagoon, offering Texas Centennial exposition visitors a peaceful, naturalistic counterpoint to the activity of the exposition.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, Patricia Johanson was commissioned to redesign and restore the badly degraded lagoon. Since reopening in 1986, the redesigned lagoon has become recognized as a major earth sculpture and one of the earliest examples of art as bioremediation.</p><br>
<p>The Museum of Nature & Science occupied two buildings around the lagoon (one named "The Science Place"), and a planetarium next to the WRR building, before moving most of its operations to the new Perot campus at Victory Park in December 2012. The former History Building remains open on weekends as a secondary campus of the Perot Museum. The IMAX theatre and planetarium at the Fair Park campus are shuttered.</p><br>
<p>The History Building, once the Museum of Natural History, was designed for the Texas Centennial Exposition as a monolithic, rectangular box. The entrance features three vertical window bays with decorative aluminum mullions. Flanking it are paired pilasters with shell-motif capitals. The rest of the building is clad in limestone. In 1988, the northeast corner of the building was excavated, creating a series of landscaped terraces.</p><br>
<p>The concentric plaster arches of the Band Shell comprise an essentially Art Deco composition. Elements of the Streamline Moderne style are present in the reinforced concrete backstage building. Lighting pylons surround the sloping 5,000-seat amphitheater.</p><br>
<p>This was the original Horticulture Building for the Texas Centennial Exposition. It has since been altered by exterior renovations and additions, including the minimalist glass Blachly Conservatory. In the gardens behind the main structure is a model home that the Portland Cement Company originally built for the Exposition.</p><br>
<p>The Cotton Bowl stadium was built in 1932 below-grade and was originally known as the Fair Park Bowl. Subsequent expansions resulted in a present capacity of 92,200. The Cotton Bowl Classic was played there from 1937–2009. Annually during the State Fair of Texas, it hosts the AT&T Red River Rivalry game between the University of Texas and the University of Oklahoma along with the Southwest Airlines State Fair Classic game between Grambling State University (Louisiana) and Prairie View A&M University. It was also home to the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1971 until their move to Texas Stadium in Irving.</p><br>
<p>Music Hall, built in Spanish colonial revival style, was the General Motors Building during the Centennial Exposition. It underwent extensive remodeling in 1972. It was home of the Dallas Opera until 2009 and is the current home for Dallas Summer Musicals.</p><br>
<h2>Midway and other structures</h2><br>
<p>The Texas Star, opened in 1985, is the largest Ferris wheel in North America.</p><br>
<p>Among political infighting, lawsuits and community unrest, Starplex Amphitheatre (f/k/a Smirnoff Music Centre, n/k/a Gexa Energy Pavilion) was built. Former Park Board member Jim Graham said the City&#39;s agreement with PACE Entertainment "stinks".</p><br>
<p>The Texas Skyway, opened in 2007, is an art deco-styled gondola ride that transports visitors 65 ft above the ground for a ride that is one-third of a mile.</p><br>
<p>The Top o Texas Tower, opened in 2013, is a 500 ft observation tower ride. The towers base may eventually house a museum devoted to the State Fair and Texas Centennial Exposition collection. At a cost of more than $12,000,000, the Tower was to be the featured ride of the failed Summer Adventures program. Summer Adventures, while planned as an annual event, was open for one year and shuttered, despite a $30,000,000 investment.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park is home to the Texas State Vietnam Memorial.</p><br>
<h2>Annual events</h2><br>
<p>The complex&#39;s signature event is the annual State Fair of Texas, which has been held there since 1886. It currently lasts 24 days and begins in the last Friday in September and runs to the third Sunday in October.</p><br>
<p>The State Fair also operated Summer Adventures in Fair Park, a beach-themed amusement park from May to August 2013.</p><br>
<p>Despite a $30,000,000 investment in Summer Adventures, the event was shuttered after just one season.</p><br>
<p>The North Texas Irish Festival, takes place the first weekend in March each year.</p><br>
<p>Earth Day Texas, takes place annually in April.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park Fourth is the annual Independence Day celebration for the City of Dallas.</p><br>
<h2>Other notable events</h2><br>
<p>In 1961, the musical film State Fair was filmed in Fair Park.</p><br>
<p>In July 1984, Fair Park was transformed into a Formula One circuit for a weekend to host the Dallas Grand Prix. The event was conceived as a way to demonstrate Dallas status as a "world-class city" and overcame temperatures of 100 °F, a disintegrating track surface, and weekend-long rumors of its cancellation. The course was laid out with help from Chris Pook, organizer of the United States Grand Prix West in Long Beach, California, and featured two hairpin curves. The event was attended by former US President Jimmy Carter and featured Larry Hagman (J. R. Ewing&#39; from the television series Dallas) waving the green flag to start the parade lap. Williams driver Keke Rosberg driving the Williams FW09-Honda turbo won his 3rd F1 Grand Prix, his only win of the season. Nigel Mansell, who led for over half the race after starting from his first ever F1 pole position in his Lotus 95T-Renault, famously collapsed from exhaustion while trying to push his car to the finish line after his gearbox failed on the last lap and was finally classified 6th. It was the last Formula 1 event in Texas, until Circuit of the Americas in Austin opened in 2012; the northeastern part of the temporary racing circuit was incorporated in a 1.3 mi course for a Trans-Am Series event in 1988.</p><br>
<p>On March 8–11, 1990, the Nintendo World Championships were held within the Fair Park&#39;s Automobile Building.</p><br>
<p>In December 2013, the Chanel Paris-Dallas pre-fall show was held at Fair Park.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Fair Park is easily accessible from I-30, the major east-west interstate through Dallas.</p><br>
<p>Fair Park is served by several bus routes by DART.</p><br>
<p>DART&#39;s Green Line connects Fair Park to southeast and downtown Dallas with Fair Park Station and MLK Jr. Station. During the State Fair of Texas DART runs "special event" trains from the Red Line and Blue Line to Fair Park Station.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Irma Rangel Young Women&#39;s Leadership School is located in Fair Park.</p><br>
<p>Rocciamelone  is a 3,538 m high mountain in Piedmont, Italy, near the border between Italy and France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rocciamelone is located between Val di Susa and Maurienne, 50 km west of Turin.</p><br>
<p>Its summit is the tripoint where the comunes of Usseglio, Novalesa and Mompantero meet. The international border crosses the Glacier de Rochemelon 1 kilometer north of the summit, making it appear that the border is not following the watershed precisely in this sector. However, the glacier is draped over a ridge that is the true watershed and is precisely followed by the borderline.</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=North Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Graian Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Southern Graian Alps</p><br>
<p>supergroup=catena Rocciamelone-Charbonel</p><br>
<p>group=gruppo del Rocciamelone</p><br>
<p>subgroup=nodo del Rocciamelone</p><br>
<p>code=I/B-7.I-A.2.a</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The teutonic knight Bonifacius Rotarius (of Asti) made the first ascent of Rochemelon on 1 September 1358, to bring a small metal image of the Holy Virgin as a gesture of gratitude for having survived captivity in the Holy land during a war against the Muslims.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Rocciamelone is the destination of a traditional pilgrimage, every year, on August 5. A three metre high statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary was erected there in 1899.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>Because of its easy access (the start of the summit trail can be reached in a 90-minute drive from Turin), its considerable height and the renowned panorama, this mountain is one of the most frequented of the western part of the Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain huts</h2><br>
<p>Rifugio Cà d&#39;Asti (2,854 m - Mompantero)</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Ernesto Tazzetti (2,642 - Usseglio)</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Santa Maria (close to the summit)</p><br>
<p>Lake Mashū  is a endorheic crater lake formed in the caldera of a potentially active volcano. It is located in Akan National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan. The lake has been called the clearest lake in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Mashū is surrounded by steep crater walls 200 m high. It has no significant inlets and no outlet. The lake is one of the clearest in the world and one of the deepest in Japan. On August 1, 1931 the transparency of the water was measured at 41.6 m. Lake Baikal was measured around the same time measured 40.5 m. This is the lake&#39;s claim to clearest in the world. The loss in transparency is probably due to the introduction of sockeye salmon and rainbow trout into the lake and landslides. At the same time, the clarity of Lake Baikal has not been measured.</p><br>
<p>In summer, the surface of Lake Mashū is often obscured by fog. This has given the lake a reputation for mysteriousness.A local legend says that if you can see the surface of the lake, you will have bad luck.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>Lake Mashū was originally named Lake of the Devil by the Ainu. This was rendered as Lake Mashin by the Japanese. Over time, however, the Japanese began to refer to the lake by the Japanese reading for the neighboring peak, Mount Mashū. The kanji for this peak translate roughly as scrubbed area mountain. The Ainu name for this peak, by which it is commonly known today, is Kamuinupuri or mountain of the gods. The lake also retains its Ainu name, Kamuito or lake of the gods.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic caldera</h2><br>
<p>Mashū formed less than 32,000 years ago. The caldera is the remains of a stratovolcano, which is actually a parasitic cone of the larger Lake Kussharo caldera. The eruption that created the current caldera occurred around 7,000 years ago. The last eruption was a plinian eruption about 2,000 years ago that dropped pumice over the region.</p><br>
<p>Mashū volcano is rated with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 6, the second highest among large volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>Two volcanoes have grown out of the Mashū caldera. Kamuishu Island, a lava dome which rises from the middle of the lake, is one. The other is Mount Kamui, a stratovolcano with lava dome, which forms the highest point on the eastern shore. A third volcano neighbors Kamuinupuri. It is Mount Nishibetsu. Mount Nishibetsu probably predates the caldera.</p><br>
<p>The main rock type of the volcanoes is andesite and dacite. The rock is non-alkali pyroclastic flow or mafic rock, dating from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Some rock around the Mashū crater and Mount Nishibetsu is older still, dating from the Middle Pleistocene.</p><br>
<p>The following table lists the eruptions of the Mashū volcano and Kamuinupuri.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is inhabited by phytoplankton and zooplankton.</p><br>
<p>Melosira spp.</p><br>
<p>Synedra sp.</p><br>
<p>Daphnia longispina</p><br>
<p>Bosmina coregoni</p><br>
<p>Sockeye salmon and rainbow trout have been introduced to the lake.</p><br>
<p>On the slopes around and above the lake grow a mixture of evergreen forest with Picea jezoensis and Abies sachalinensis and birch forest with Betula ermanii.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The Mashu-dake Hiking Course is a trail that goes along the crater rim and to the top of Mount Mashū. There are no settlements along the shores of the lake. Access to the lakeshore itself is prohibited by the Ministry of the Environment (Japan). Visitors may only view the lake from the designated observation towers.</p><br>
<p>The Molly Brown House Museum  is a house located at 1340 Pennsylvania Street in Denver, Colorado, United States that was the home of American philanthropist, socialite, and activist Margaret Brown. Brown was known as "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" because she survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic. The museum now located in her former home presents exhibits interpreting her life and that of Victorian Denver as well as architectural preservation. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in the 1880s by architect William A. Lang, incorporating several popular styles of the period, including Queen Anne Style architecture, for the original owners Isaac and Mary Large. They suffered financially from the crash resulting from the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 and were forced to sell the house. It was purchased by James Joseph Brown (J.J.), Margarets husband, in 1894 for US$30,000 and the title was transferred to Margaret in 1898, possibly due to J.J.s deteriorating health.</p><br>
<p>Margaret and the family traveled a lot of the time, and so the house was rented out. In 1902, it was the governors mansion for the Governor of Colorado and his family (Maggie invited the governor and his family to use her home while the governors mansion was undergoing remodeling). During the Great Depression, Margaret was forced to turn it into a boarding house under the supervision of her housekeeper. It was also during the Depression that the house was sold after Margaret&#39;s death in 1932, for $6,000. It was in disrepair, and the new owners drastically remodeled it to house 12 roomers.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The house continued to deteriorate and by 1970 was set for demolition, but a group of concerned citizens formed Historic Denver, Inc., raising the funds for the house to be restored to its former glory. In restoration, the group used architectural research, paintchip analysis, and original photographs taken in 1910 as guides to reconstructing it. Today the home is still owned by Historic Denver, Inc., and public tours are run daily for a fee.</p><br>
<p>Superstition Mountain  is located immediately east of the Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona. It anchors the west end of the Superstition Wilderness. Although its precise origin is debated by geologists, many believe that the mountain was formed from volcanic activity as far back as 25 million years ago. The ash and basalt composed mountain was eroded by the elements to give it the unique form it has today, creating the prominent landmark and popular recreation destination in the region.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, located near Apache Junction and Gold Canyon, Arizona, is easily accessible from USA Route 60 and State Route 88. It is a popular three season (fall, winter, spring) hiking area. Afternoon temperatures from June to September are usually in the range of 100 to 115 °F near the mountain. Day hikers often frequent the mountain during cooler months. The Lost Dutchman State Park is located on the western side of the mountain and includes hiking trails to notable formations such as the Praying Hands and the Flatiron. The Peralta Trail, on the southern side of the mountain, traverses Fremont Saddle and descends into the wilderness to the east of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Servia  is one of the main towns in the Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. It is one of the most historical places in the region, with a 6th-century Byzantine castle and the Kamvounia mountain dominating the landscape. There are also a number of 10th century Byzantine cave hermitages and small churches located nearby, which add to the Byzantine atmosphere of the area.</p><br>
<p>Since the local government reform of 2011, it is the seat of the extended municipality of Servia-Velventos. Prior to 2011, the town was the seat of the Municipality of Servia (population 8,611 in 2011). Τhe town itself has a population of 3,540 people (2011 census). The municipal unit Servia has an area of 400.116 km, the community (the town proper) has an area of 51.603 km.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Its name derives from the Latin verb servo, meaning "to watch over" and it was given by the Romans, approximately during the 2nd century A.D., replacing what is thought to be the ancient name of the town Phylacae (Greek: Φυλακαί) from the Greek verb φυλάσσω "to watch over".</p><br>
<p>The ancient name of the town of Servia is also mentioned by Roman writer Pliny the Elder as well as on an Ancient Greek inscription found at the city of Veroia which reads: "Παρμενίων Γλαυκία Φυλακήσιος νικητής εν Δολίχω", i.e. "Parmenion son of Glauceas from Phylacae winner at Doliche".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistoric period</h3><br>
<p>Servia has given its name to the prehistoric settlement site beside the former bridge across the Haliakmon river to the west and now submerged deep below the surface of Lake Polyphytos. This was first reported by Alan John Bayard Wace and first excavated by the British School at Athens under the direction of Walter Heurtley in 1930. Renewed excavations were jointly conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service and the British School at Athens under the direction of Aikaterina Rhomiopoulou and Cressida Ridley between 1971 and 1973; in advance before the completion of the Polyphytos hydro-electric dam and the flooding of the valley, to create Polyphytos lake.</p><br>
<p>The site is a low mound created by the debris of successive phases of human occupation, starting in the Middle Neolithic period before 5000 BCE. The square or rectangular buildings, one or two storeys in height, were framed with massive oak posts and the walls were created with wattle and daub. The classic red on cream ceramic repertoire of this phase is closely related to that of Thessaly at such sites as Sesklo and Achilleion. Typical shapes are fruitstands, shallow bowls and beakers. Bone and stone tools are frequent while ornaments of stone and sea shell (Spondylus gaederopus and Glycimeris) are quite frequent. Occupation continued for a thousand years until the early stages of the Late Neolithic period, characterised by black burnished and grey-on-grey pottery. Occasional fragments of pottery of other styles, together with occasional pieces of obsidian from Melos show that long distance trade links had been established with coastal Thessaly and Eastern Macedonia. After a long interval, occupation resumed in the Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC)when the ceramic repertoire suggests a cultural orientation towards Central Macedonia rather than Thessaly.</p><br>
<p>Palaeobotanical studies of seeds and other plant remains recovered from all periods at the site and studied by R. Housely and R. Hubbard provide important information about early Greek agricultural practices.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient period</h3><br>
<p>During ancient times, Servia served as a fort for the passageway between Macedonia and Thessaly, hence its name. As time passed people settled around the area and the town of Phylacae was created. People that have passed through the then town of Servia, include Alexander the Great, on his way to Thebes in 335 B.C., and Apostle Paul during his journey to Macedonia in the first century A.D.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine period</h3><br>
<p>Servia reached its peak as part of the Eastern Roman Empire when it developed as a strong castle-city (Greek: καστροπολιτεία) guarding the ancient passage from Macedonia to Thessaly.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman period</h3><br>
<p>The Ottomans captured Servia in 1393. From 1864 it was the seat of the Sanjak of Serfiğe in Manastir Vilayet and the town was known as Serfiçe in Ottoman Turkish (also written Serfidze). Servia was the seat of the Bishop of Servia and Kozani until 1745; after that year the seat was moved to Kozani.</p><br>
<h3>Modern Greece</h3><br>
<p>The Greek army entered Servia on 10 October 1912, during the First Balkan War, after its victory against the Ottoman army in the Battle of Sarantaporo. On the same day, 117 prominent citizens of Servia were gathered and executed by the Ottomans who were leaving the city. From then on the main road of the town leading to the Town Hall is called "117 Εθνομαρτύρων" (117 ethnomartyron), i.e. "Of the 117 National martyrs", in remembrance of this dreadful event. Servia was granted to the Kingdom of Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, on 6 March 1943, German and Italian troops set the town on fire in response to the strong resistance they were facing in the region. After this fire the whole town was left in ruins and most of Greek neoclassical architecture was lost apart from 3 houses which remain until today. One of them was turned into the Folk Museum of Servia.</p><br>
<p>Today Servia stands as one of the main towns and agricultural centres of the surrounding region, with its extended Servia-Velventos municipality having a population of 14,830 people (2011 census). Main road access into Servia is provided by Greek National Road 3, which passes through the town and is part of the European route E65, connecting the cities of Florina and Kozani with Larissa.</p><br>
<p>A recent historical event that occurred in Servia, was a holy liturgy, celebrated by Metropolitan Paulos of Servia and Kozani at the 7th century Metropolitan Church of St. Demetrius (now in ruins). The event which took place during the summer of 2008 was the first liturgy at the site after 600 years. On Thursday 28 June 2012, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew visited Servia taking part in Great Vespers at the Church of Agia Kyriake and afterwards visited the old Basilica of Agios Demetrios and the Byzantine castle-city of Servia. The patron Saint of the town is Agia Kyriake.</p><br>
<h2>Sights of interest</h2><br>
<p>Byzantine castle built in the 6th century by Justinian. Unfortunately only one of its four towers remain in full as it was bombed by the Germans during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The high bridge of lake Polyphytos.</p><br>
<p>The Servia gorge.</p><br>
<p>The Noktaria geological formations at the village of Mikrovalto.</p><br>
<p>The Folk Museum of Servia.</p><br>
<p>Various Byzantine cave-churches, most famous of which is the church of Aghios Antonios Kremastos.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>St. Theodora (13th century), Queen of Epirus.</p><br>
<p>Georgios Kontaris (17th century), Scholar.</p><br>
<p>Eugenios Pateras (19th century), Bishop of Servia and Kozani.</p><br>
<p>Zesses Soteriou (19th century), Revolutionary of the Greek War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Georgios Zorbas, (1867–1942) the main hero of the novel by Nikos Kazantzakis, "Zorba the Greek".</p><br>
<p>Ioannis Zizioulas (20th century), Theologian and Chairman of the Academy of Athens.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>A.C. Titan Servion, founded in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Anagennisi Servion B.C.</p><br>
<p>Kintyre  is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the southwest of Argyll and Bute. The peninsula stretches about 30 mi, from the Mull of Kintyre in the south to East Loch Tarbert in the north. The area immediately north of Kintyre is known as Knapdale.</p><br>
<p>Kintyre is long and narrow, at no point more than 11 mi from west coast to east coast. The east side of the Kintyre Peninsula is bounded by Kilbrannan Sound, with a number of coastal peaks such as Torr Mor. The central spine of the peninsula is mostly hilly moorland. The coastal areas and hinterland, however, are rich and fertile. Kintyre has long been a prized area for settlers, including the early Scots who migrated from Ulster to western Scotland and the Vikings or Norsemen who conquered and settled the area just before the start of the second millennium.</p><br>
<p>The principal town of the area is Campbeltown (about 5.5 mi by road from the Mull), which has been a royal burgh since the mid-18th century. The areas economy has long relied on fishing and farming, although Campbeltown has a reputation as a producer of some of the worlds finest single malt whisky. Campbeltown Single Malts include the multi-award-winning Springbank.</p><br>
<p>Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary, one of the officers of arms at the Court of the Lord Lyon, is named after this peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Beginnings</h3><br>
<p>Kintyre, like Knapdale, contains several stone age sites; at Ballochroy is a trio of megaliths aligned with land features on the island of Jura, while a number of burial cairns still stand at Blasthill (near Southend, Argyll). Remains from the iron age are no less present, with the imposing Dun Skeig, a Celtic hillfort, located at the northern edge of Kintyre. The history of the presumed Pictish inhabitants of Kintyre is not recorded, but a 2nd century BC stone fort survives at Kildonan (near Saddell), and it is not implausible that they continued to use Dun Skeig.</p><br>
<p>The tip of Kintyre is just 12 miles from Ulster, and there has long been interaction across the straits of Moyle, as evidenced by neolithic finds in Kintyre, such as flint tools characteristic of Antrim. In the early first millennium, an Irish invasion led to Gaelic colonisation of an area centred on the Kintyre peninsula, establishing the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The latter was divided into a handful of regions, controlled by particular kin groups, of which the most powerful, the Cenél nGabráin, ruled over Kintyre, along with Knapdale, the region between Loch Awe and Loch Fyne (Craignish, Ardscotnish, Glassary, and Glenary), Arran, and Moyle (in Ulster).</p><br>
<p>The kingdom thrived for a few centuries, and formed a springboard for Christianisation of the mainland. Sanda, an island adjacent the south coast of Kintyre, is strongly associated with Ninian, the first known missionary to the Picts, and contains an early 5th century chapel said to have been built by him. In 563, Columba arrived in Kintyre, to pay his respects to the kings of Dal Riata, before continuing to Iona, where he established a base for missionary activity throughout the Pictish regions beyond.</p><br>
<h3>Norwegian dominion</h3><br>
<p>Dál Riata was ultimately was destroyed when Norse vikings invaded, and established their own domain, spreading more extensively over the islands north and west of the mainland. Following the unification of Norway, they had become the Norwegian Kingdom of the Isles, locally controlled by Godred Crovan, and known by Norway as Suðreyjar (Old Norse, traditionally anglicised as Sodor), meaning southern isles. The former territory of Dal Riata acquired the geographic description Argyle (now Argyll): the Gaelic coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1093, Magnus, the Norwegian king, launched a military campaign to assert his authority over the isles. Malcolm, the king of Scotland, responded with a written agreement, accepting that Magnus&#39; had sovereign authority of over all the western lands that Magnus could encircle by boat. The unspecific wording led Magnus to have his boat dragged across the narrow isthmus at Tarbert, while he rode within it, so that he would thereby acquire Kintyre, in addition to the more natural islands of Arran and Bute.</p><br>
<p>Supposedly, Magnuss campaign had been part of a conspiracy against Malcolm, by Donalbain, Malcolms younger brother. When Malcolm was killed in battle a short time later, Donalbain invaded, seized the Scottish kingdom, and displaced Malcolms sons from the throne; on becoming king, Donalbain confirmed Magnus gains. Donalbains apparent keenness to do this, however, weakened his support among the nobility, and Malcolms son, Duncan, was able to depose him.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, following a rebellion against Magnus authority in the Isles, he launched another, fiercer, expedition. In 1098, aware of Magnus actions, the new Scottish king, Edgar (another son of Malcolm), quitclaimed to Magnus all sovereign authority over the isles, and the whole of Kintyre and Knapdale.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 12th century, Somerled, the husband of Godred Crovans granddaughter, led a successful revolt against Norway, transforming Suðreyjar (including Kintyre) into an independent kingdom. After his death, nominal Norwegian authority was re-established, but de-facto authority was split between Somerleds sons and the Crovan dynasty. The exact allocation to Somerleds sons is unclear, but following a family dispute, Donald, Somerleds grandson, acquired Kintyre, together with Knapdale, Islay, and Jura. Donald&#39;s father, Reginald, established Saddell Abbey, in 1207.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 13th century, increased tension between Norway and Scotland led to a series of Battles, culminating in the Battle of Largs, shortly after which the Norwegian king died. In 1266, his more peaceable successor ceded his nominal authority over Suðreyjar to the Scottish king (Alexander III) by the Treaty of Perth, in return for a very large sum of money. Although Alexander III generally acknowledged the semi-independent authority of Somerled&#39;s heirs, he did not give them back control of the mainland territory which Scottish forces had taken during the strife, including parts of Kintyre.</p><br>
<h3>Early Scottish rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1293, king John Balliol established shrieval authority by creating the post of sheriff of Kintyre. Shortly after, Robert de Bruys launched a civil war challenging John for the throne. By this point, Somerleds descendants had formed into three families - the MacRory, the MacDougalls, and the MacDonalds; the MacDougalls took Johns side, while the MacDonalds and MacRory backed de Bruys. When de Bruys defeated John, he declared the MacDougall lands forfeit, and gave them to the MacDonalds.</p><br>
<p>The head of the MacDonald family married the heir of the MacRory family, thereby acquiring the remaining share of Somerled&#39;s realm, and transforming it into the Lordship of the Isles, which lasted for over a century. After 4 years and 3 children, however, he divorced Amy, and married Margaret, the daughter of Robert II, the Scottish king, who gave him the remaining parts of Kintyre, along with the whole of Knapdale, as a dowry.</p><br>
<p>In 1462, however, John, the then Lord of the Isles, plotted with the English king to conquer Scotland; civil war in England delayed the discovery of this for a decade. Upon the discovery, in 1475, there was a call for forfeiture, but a year John calmed the matter, by quitclaiming Ross (Easter, Wester, and Skye), Kintyre, and Knapdale, to Scotland.</p><br>
<h3>The Campbells and later</h3><br>
<p>At an unclear point before 1481, the sheriffdom of Kintyre became Tarbertshire, based at Tarbert at the northern edge of Kintyre; in that year, Tarbertshire was expanded to include Knapdale. However, comital authority remained absent following the quitclaim from the Lord of the Isles; following a law and order crisis in the region, king James IV of Scotland appointed Archibald Campbell, the Earl of Argyll as governor of Tarbert Castle, with implied authority over nearby castles such as Skipness.</p><br>
<p>Following the Scottish reformation, the MacDonalds (opponents) and Campbells (supporters) came into more direct dispute. In 1607, Following a series of hostile actions from the MacDonalds, King James VI ordered the lands they landlorded in Kintyre to be transferred to the Archibald Campbell, heir of the earlier Archibald. Under pressure from the Campbells, the sheriff court moved to Inveraray at the extreme northeast of Tarbertshire, near the heart of Campbell power; somewhat inevitably, in 1633 shrieval authority was annexed by the sheriff of Argyll.</p><br>
<p>Archibalds son, a dedicated supporter of the religious reformers, developed a plan to establish a large settlement, around the village of Kinlochkilkerran, at the south of Kintyre, composed of loyal Presbyterians from Lowland Scotland, in order to outnumber and undermine the local Catholic population, and reduce resistance to the states religious reforms. Under his son, Archibald, this became Campbeltown. Their actions also had the effect of diluting Gaelic culture, gradually replacing it with a lowlands one.</p><br>
<p>Comital powers were abolished by the Heritable Jurisdictions Act, leaving only the shrieval unit. In 1899, counties were formally created, on shrieval boundaries, by a Scottish Local Government Act; Kintyre therefore became part of the County of Argyll. Following late 20th century reforms, it is now within the wider region of Argyll and Bute.</p><br>
<h2>Towns and villages in Kintyre</h2><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Information on all forms of public transport is available from.</p><br>
<h3>Bus and coach services</h3><br>
<p>Long distance coach services to and from Glasgow are operated by on behalf of Scottish Citylink</p><br>
<p>Bus services throughout the Kintyre peninsula are operated by alone.</p><br>
<h3>Flights</h3><br>
<p>Available between Glasgow International Airport and Campbeltown Airport</p><br>
<h3>Ferry services</h3><br>
<p>Operated by Caledonian MacBrayne on the following routes:</p><br>
<p>Claonaig - Lochranza (in summer)</p><br>
<p>Kennacraig - Islay</p><br>
<p>Tarbert - Lochranza (in winter)</p><br>
<p>Tarbert - Portavadie</p><br>
<p>Tayinloan - Gigha</p><br>
<p>Campbeltown- Ardrossan (in summer)</p><br>
<p>Operated by :</p><br>
<p>Campbeltown - Troon</p><br>
<p>Campbeltown - Ballycastle, County Antrim</p><br>
<h3>Railways</h3><br>
<p>No railways remain in use today. From 1876 until 1931 the Campbeltown and Machrihanish Light Railway operated, initially built to transport coal.</p><br>
<h2>Places of historic interest</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistoric sites</h3><br>
<h2>Associated peerage titles</h2><br>
<p>Duke of Kintyre (extinct)</p><br>
<p>Marquess of Kintyre and Lorne (subsidiary title of the Duke of Argyll)</p><br>
<h2>Test</h2><br>
<p>The Mull of Kintyre test is said to be an unofficial guideline of the British Board of Film Classification for the censorship of adult films and images.</p><br>
<p>La Fortaleza  is the current official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540 to defend the harbor of San Juan. The structure is also known as Palacio de Santa Catalina . It is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the New World. It was listed by UNESCO in 1983 as part of the World Heritage Site "La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site".</p><br>
<p>During the 1640 reconstruction, the chapel of Santa Catalina, which originally existed outside the walls, was demolished and was integrated to the walls of the structure, resulting in the alternate name Santa Catalina&#39;s Palace.</p><br>
<h2>The structure</h2><br>
<p>La Fortaleza was the first defensive fortification built for the city of San Juan, and the first of a series of military structures built to protect the city which included the Fort San Felipe del Morro and the Fort San Cristóbal. The construction was authorized by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as a defense against attacks from Island Caribs and the European powers of the time.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the structure consisted of four walls enclosing an interior patio with a circular tower known as the Homage Tower. From the top of the tower, the governor, following military tradition, would take oaths of fidelity at critical moments to the King and Queen of Spain. Later, a second tower named the Austral Tower was constructed.</p><br>
<p>At present, the complex consists of a few attached buildings with formal living quarters in the second floor, and private quarters in the third. It overlooks the high city walls that front the bay, and within the north perimeter of the house are sheltered gardens and a swimming pool.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>La Fortaleza has been captured twice by invaders:</p><br>
<p>1598, George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, attacked San Juan.</p><br>
<p>1625, General Boudewijn Hendrick (Balduino Enrico) of the Netherlands invaded the city and established himself at La Fortaleza. During the Dutch retreat, the fortress and the city were set ablaze.</p><br>
<p>According to tradition, in 1898, just before the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War, the last Spanish governor of the island, Ricardo De Ortega, struck a longcase clock in La Fortaleza with his sword, stopping the clock and marking the time at which Spain lost control over Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>On October 30, 1950, there was an attempt by a few nationalists to enter La Fortaleza in what is known as the San Juan Nationalist revolt, intending to attack then-governor Luis Muñoz Marín. The 5-minute shootout resulted in four Nationalists dead: Domingo Hiraldo Resto, Carlos Hiraldo Resto, Manuel Torres Medina and Raímundo Díaz Pacheco. Three of the guards of the building, among them Lorenzo Ramos, were seriously injured.</p><br>
<p>On October 9, 1960, La Fortaleza was designated a United States National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, La Fortaleza, along with the San Juan National Historic Site, was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.</p><br>
<p>On May 26, 2004, a man armed with a knife entered the mansion&#39;s mailroom located just outside the palace gates and took a receptionist hostage. The 2½ hour stand-off ended after Governor Sila María Calderón entered the building and listened as the hostage-taker read a letter.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>In 2011, Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi wrote the dramatic novel United States of Banana, featuring climatic scenes of revolution at La Fortaleza.</p><br>
<p>The Cliffs of Moher are located at the southwestern edge of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. They rise 120 m above the Atlantic Ocean at Hags Head, and, eight kilometres to the north, reach their maximum height of 214 m just north of OBriens Tower, which is a round stone tower near the midpoint of the cliffs that was built in 1835 by Sir Cornelius OBrien. From the cliffs, and from atop the tower, visitors can see the Aran Islands in Galway Bay, the Maumturks and Twelve Pins mountain ranges to the north in County Galway, and Loop Head to the south. The closest settlements are Liscannor  and Doolin .</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The cliffs take their name from an old promontory fort called Mothar or Moher, which once stood on Hags Head, the southernmost point of the cliffs, now the site of Moher Tower. The writer Thomas Johnson Westropp referred to it in 1905 as Moher Uí Ruis or Moher Uí Ruidhin. The fort still stood in 1780 and is mentioned in an account from John Lloyds A Short Tour Of Clare (1780). It was demolished in 1808 to provide material for a lookout/telegraph tower that was intended to provide warning in case of a French invasion during the Napoleonic wars.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The cliffs are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Ireland and topped the list of attractions in 2006 by drawing almost one million visitors. Since 2011, they have formed a part of the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark, one of a family of geotourism destinations throughout Europe that are members of the European Geoparks Network.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, Clare County Council initiated development plans to enable visitors to experience the cliffs without significant intrusive man-made amenities. In keeping with this approach, the Cliffs of Moher Visitor Experience was built into a hillside approaching the cliffs. The centre is also intended to be environmentally sensitive in its use of renewable energy systems including geothermal heating and cooling, solar panels, and grey water recycling.</p><br>
<p>The €32 million facility was planned and built over a 17-year period and officially opened in February 2007. Facility exhibits include interactive media displays covering the geology, history, flora and fauna of the cliffs. A large multimedia screen displays a bird&#39;s-eye view from the cliffs, as well as video from the underwater caves below the cliffs.</p><br>
<p>The visitor&#39;s centre charges €6 per adult, with children under 16 admitted free. This covers parking, access to the visitor centre and Atlantic Edge exhibition, and a contribution towards conservation and safety at the cliffs.</p><br>
<p>The Cliffs of Moher Visitor Experience won an award in the Interpret Britain & Ireland Awards 2007 awarded by the Association of Heritage Interpretation (AHI). Although the award was specifically for the Atlantic Edge exhibition, the AHI assessed the entire visitor centre and site. The citation stated that the entire visitor centre was "one of the best facilities that the judges had ever seen."</p><br>
<p>In July 2016 the so-called Cliff Walk, outside the official Cliffs of Moher amenities, was temporarily closed because of the risk of rock falls. People were warned to stay on the official path further of the cliff edge instead of the unofficial seaside trail.</p><br>
<p>Separate ferry trips also allow tourists to view the cliffs from sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The cliffs consist mainly of beds of Namurian shale and sandstone, with the oldest rocks being found at the bottom of the cliffs. It is possible to see 300-million-year-old river channels cutting through, forming unconformities at the base of the cliffs.</p><br>
<p>There are an estimated 30,000 birds living on the cliffs, representing more than 20 species. These include Atlantic puffins, which live in large colonies at isolated parts of the cliffs and on the small Goat Island, and razorbills.</p><br>
<p>The site is an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Cliffs of Moher have appeared in numerous media. In cinema, the cliffs have appeared in several films, including The Princess Bride (1987) (as the filming location for "The Cliffs of Insanity"), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), and Leap Year (2010). The cliffs are mentioned in the Martin Scorsese film Bringing Out the Dead (1999) and are noted in the 2008 documentary Waveriders as the location of a large surfing wave known as "Aileens".</p><br>
<p>In music, the cliffs have appeared in music videos, including Maroon 5s "Runaway" video, Westlifes "My Love", and Rich Mullins "The Color Green". Most of singer Dusty Springfields ashes were scattered at the cliffs by her brother, Tom.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Bus Éireann route 350 links the Cliffs of Moher to several locations: Ennis, Ennistymon, Doolin, Lisdoonvarna, Kinvara and Galway. This service includes a number of journeys each way daily. There is also a privately operated shuttle bus that serves the site from Doolin.</p><br>
<p>The Canigou  is a mountain located in the Pyrenees of southern France.</p><br>
<p>Due to its sharp flanks and its dramatic location near the coast, until the 18th century the Canigou was believed to be the highest mountain in the Pyrenees.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Canigou is located in Pyrénées-Orientales, south of Prades and north of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste. Its summit is a quadripoint between the territories of Casteil, Taurinya, Valmanya and Vernet-les-Bains. Its location makes it visible from the plains of Roussillon and from Conflent in France, and as well from Empordà in Spain.</p><br>
<p>Twice a year, in early February and at the end of October, with good weather, the Canigou can be seen at sunset from as far as Marseille, 250 km away, by refraction of light. This phenomenon was observed in 1808 by baron Franz Xaver von Zach from the Notre-Dame de la Garde basilica in Marseille. All year long, it can also be seen, with good weather, from Agde, Port-Camargue and the Montagne Noire.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking and sightseeing</h2><br>
<p>Jeep tracks on the north side of the massif lead to the Chalet des Cortalets (at 2150 m) which is a popular outpost with walkers.</p><br>
<p>There are two ancient monasteries at the foot of the mountain, Martin-du-Canigou and Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa.</p><br>
<h2>Canigou Flame</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has symbolical significance for Catalan people. On its summit stands a cross that is often decorated with the Catalan flag. Every year on 23 June, the night before St. Johns day (nuit de Saint Jean), there is a ceremony called Flama del Canigó (Canigou Flame), where a fire is lit at the mountaintop. People keep a vigil during the night and take torches lit on the fire in a spectacular torch relay to light bonfires elsewhere. Many bonfires are lit in this way all over the Pyrénées-Orientales,&#39; Catalonia, Valencian Community, and Balearic Islands (theoretically), but in practice only goes through the Pyrénées-Orientales and Catalonia</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The Canigou inspired the epic poem "Canigó" by Catalan poet Jacint Verdaguer i Santaló.</p><br>
<p>In these verses Verdaguer compares the snowy mountain to a Magnolia flower (pages 27–28):</p><br>
<p>The White Peak is the lower, southern part of the Peak District in England. In contrast to the Dark Peak and South West Peak, the underlying limestone is not capped by impervious millstone grit, so caves and dry river valleys are common features of the area. The soils are poor and calcareous, creating grazing land for both sheep and cattle.</p><br>
<p>Broadly speaking, the White Peak covers the Derbyshire Peaks from the Hope Valley southwards, and the Staffordshire Peaks north of the Churnet Valley. The White Peak is one of 159 national character areas defined by Natural England; their defined area covers an area of 52,860 hectare and includes the area approximately bounded by Ashbourne, Buxton, Castleston, Matlock and Wirksworth.</p><br>
<p>The largest towns in the White Peak are outside the area of the Peak District national park. These towns include Matlock and Buxton, while Bakewell and most of the villages in the park are in the White Peak area. Around the areas of Tideswell, Flagg, Chelmorton and Youlgrave, long thin fields created by the enclosure of medieval strip fields can be seen. The region is rich in footpaths, bridleways and green tracks that give access to the area. Longer distance ones include the Limestone Way and the Pennine Bridleway, and former railway trackbeds such as the Monsal Trail, the High Peak Trail, the Tissington Trail and the Manifold Way.</p><br>
<p>The area is of interest to geologists, since much of the underlying strata have been exposed by extensive quarrying, and can be seen in the old railway cuttings along the Monsal Trail through Monsal Dale and Millers Dale.</p><br>
<p>The Dark Peak is the higher, wilder northern part of the Peak District in England, mainly in Derbyshire and South Yorkshire.</p><br>
<p>It gets its name because (in contrast to the White Peak), the underlying limestone is covered by a cap of Millstone Grit which means that in winter the soil is almost always saturated with water. The land is thus largely uninhabited moorland plateaux where almost any depression is filled with sphagnum bogs and black peat. The High Peak is an alternative name for the Dark Peak, but High Peak is also the name of an administrative district of Derbyshire which includes part of the White Peak.</p><br>
<p>The areas of Millstone Grit form an inverted horseshoe around the lower uncapped limestone areas of the White Peak. Hence the Dark Peak is said to cover the higher Derbyshire Peaks north of the Hope Valley, as well as the Western Moors in the area of Buxton, and the Eastern Moors stretching south towards Matlock. The Dark Peak is one of 159 National Character Areas defined by Natural England; as defined by Natural England, the Dark Peak NCA covers 86,604 hectare and includes the northern block of hills approximately bounded by Marsden, Stocksbridge, Hathersage and Chapel-en-le-Frith, plus the eastern moors south to Matlock, but excludes the western moors south of Chapel (which it places in NCA 53, the South West Peak) and the area around Glossop (in NCA 54, Manchester Pennine Fringe).</p><br>
<p>An area of 31,852 hectare is designated as the Dark Peak Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which excludes the separately designated Eastern Moors. The SSSI extends over the borders into Greater Manchester and West Yorkshire. A large part of the SSSI is included in the South Pennine Moors Special Area of Conservation.</p><br>
<p>Principal upland areas within the Dark Peak include Kinder Scout, Bleaklow (both of which rise to over 600 m, and lie wholly within Derbyshire), and Black Hill.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, a number of military aircraft have crashed on the Dark Peak, generally due to atrocious weather conditions. Due to the bleakness and emptiness of the high moorlands, their wrecks tend to remain untouched, and are often stumbled across by hikers in these remote places. There have been reports of ghost planes in the area for years. Many of the aircraft witnessed are wartime machines such as the Wellington Bomber, B-29 Bomber, Dakota and Lancaster. The reports of eyewitnesses are usually of a low flying, propeller-driven plane, which appears to be in difficulty before seemingly crashing into the moors. Several people who recovered items from the crash site were allegedly then visited by ghosts. The story featured in a 1996 episode of Strange but True? titled "Ghost Planes of the Peaks".</p><br>
<p>Arbor Low is a Neolithic henge monument in the Peak District, Derbyshire, England. Arbor Low is in the White Peak area of the Peak District: the White Peak is a Carboniferous Limestone plateau lying between approximately 200 and OD. The site is private property, accessible through the courtesy of the owner, and is managed by the Peak District National Park Authority. As of February 2017, an entrance fee of £1 per adult is requested by the landowner. Children can enter free of charge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Arbor Low consists of about 50 large limestone blocks, quarried from a local site, which form an egg-shaped circle, with monoliths at the entrances, and possibly a portal stone at the south entrance. There is also a large pit at the north entrance, which possibly contained a stone. Some of the stones are broken; some of these fragments may originally have been joined together, such that there were originally between 41 and 43 stones. The stones range from 1.6 to 2.1 m tall, with the monoliths being between 2.6 and.</p><br>
<p>In the centre lie seven smaller blocks, which form a cove.</p><br>
<p>One stone is partially upright; the rest are all lying down.</p><br>
<p>The stones are surrounded by an oval earthen bank, approximately 90 by at the outside edges and 2 m high, with an interior ditch being about 2 m deep and between 7 and wide. There are two causeway entrances breaching both the bank and ditch; the north-west one is 9 m wide, and the south-south-east one is 6 m wide. Within the bank lies an inner platform 52 by in area.</p><br>
<p>Few henge monuments in the British Isles are as well preserved. Arbor Low was one of the first ancient monuments to be given statutory protection, in the 1880s. Small monoliths engraved VR and GR (for Victoria Regina and Georgius Rex) still stand around the henge, demarcating the protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Human remains</h2><br>
<p>Human skeletal remains were discovered close to the central cove within the circle during excavations between 1901 and 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding landscape</h2><br>
<p>A large Bronze Age round cairn or barrow was built later, to the east of the henge, using material taken from the earth bank. It was excavated in 1845 and found to contain a cremation burial and various grave goods which are now in Sheffield City Museum.</p><br>
<p>Arbor Low is part of a larger complex, and is linked by an earth ridge to the earlier Neolithic oval barrow of Gib Hill 320m away.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and usage</h2><br>
<p>The bank and ditch of the henge, as well as its two entrances, were probably established in the Late Neolithic period, with the stones added later, some time before 2000 BC. The site seems to have been in use until into the Bronze Age, which was when the outer bank was reconstructed so that the round barrow could be erected. Both the earthworks and the stoneworks are probably later than the nearby Gib Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Rock of Gibraltar, ) is a monolithic limestone promontory located in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, near the southwestern tip of Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It is 426 m high. The Rock is Crown property of the United Kingdom, and borders Spain. Most of the Rocks upper area is covered by a nature reserve, which is home to around 300 Barbary macaques. These macaques, as well as a labyrinthine network of tunnels, attract a large number of tourists each year.</p><br>
<p>The Rock of Gibraltar was one of the Pillars of Hercules and was known to the Romans as Mons Calpe, the other pillar being Mons Abyla or Jebel Musa on the African side of the Strait. In ancient times, the two points marked the limit to the known world, a myth originally fostered by the Greeks and the Phoenicians.</p><br>
<p>Gibraltar is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea and has no contact with the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Rock of Gibraltar is a monolithic promontory. The Main Ridge has a sharp crest with peaks over 400 m above sea level, formed by Early Jurassic limestones and dolomites. It is a deeply eroded and highly faulted limb of an overturned fold. The sedimentary strata composing the Rock of Gibraltar are overturned, with the oldest strata overlying the youngest strata. These strata are the Catalan Bay Shale Formation (youngest), Gibraltar Limestone, Little Bay Shale Formation (oldest), and Dockyard Shale Formation (age unknown). These strata are noticeably faulted and deformed.</p><br>
<p>Predominantly of shale, the Catalan Bay Shale Formation also contains thick units composed of either brown calcareous sandstone, soft shaly sandstone interbedded with bluish-black limestone, and interlayered greenish-gray marls and dark gray cherts. The Catalan Bay Shale Formation contains unidentifiable echinoid spines and belemnite fragments and infrequent Early Jurassic (Middle Lias) ammonites.</p><br>
<p>The Gibraltar Limestone consists of greyish-white or pale-gray compact, and sometime finely crystalline, medium to thick bedded limestones and dolomites that locally contain chert seams. This formation comprises about three quarters of the Rock of Gibraltar. Geologists have found various poorly preserved and badly eroded and rolled marine fossils within it. The fossils found in the Gibraltar Limestone include various brachiopods, corals, echinoid fragments, gastropods, pelecypods, and stromatolites. These fossils indicate an Early Jurassic age (Lower Lias) for the deposition of the Gibraltar Limestone.</p><br>
<p>The Little Bay and Dockyard shale formations form a very minor part of the Rock of Gibraltar. The Little Bay Shale Formation consists of dark bluish-gray, unfossiliferous shale, which is interbedded with thin layers of grit, mudstone, and limestone. It predates the Gibraltar Limestone. The Dockyard Shale Formation is an undescribed variegated shale of unknown age that lies buried beneath the Gibraltar&#39;s dockyard and coastal protection structures.</p><br>
<p>Although these geological formations were deposited during the early part of the Jurassic Period some 175-200 million years ago, their current appearance is due to far more recent events of about 5 million years ago. When the African tectonic plate collided tightly with the Eurasian plate, the Mediterranean became a lake that, over the course of time, dried up during the Messinian salinity crisis. The Atlantic Ocean then broke through the Strait of Gibraltar, and the resultant flooding created the Mediterranean Sea. The Rock forms part of the Betic Cordillera, a mountain range that dominates south-eastern Iberia.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Rock of Gibraltar forms a peninsula jutting out into the Strait of Gibraltar from the southern coast of Spain. The promontory is linked to the continent by means of a sandy tombolo with a maximum elevation of 3 m. To the north, the Rock rises vertically from sea level up to 411.5 m at Rock Gun Battery. The Rocks highest point stands 426 m near the south end above the strait at OHaras Battery. The Rocks central peak, Signal Hill and the top station of the Gibraltar Cable Car, stands at an elevation of 387 m. The near-cliffs along the eastern side of the Rock drop down to a series of wind-blown sand slopes that date to the glaciations when sea levels were lower than today, and a sandy plain extended east from the base of the Rock. The western face, where the City of Gibraltar is located, is comparatively less steep.</p><br>
<p>Calcite, the mineral that makes up limestone, dissolves slowly in rainwater. Over time, this process can form caves. For this reason the Rock of Gibraltar contains over 100 caves. St. Michael&#39;s Cave, located halfway up the western slope of the Rock, is the most prominent and is a popular tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>Fossils of Neanderthals have been found at several sites in Gibraltar. In 1848, a Neanderthal womans skull was found at Forbes Quarry, located on the north face of the Rock. However, its significance was not recognized until after the 1856 discovery of the type specimen in the Neander Valley. Excavations in Gorhams Cave, located near sea level on the eastern side of the Rock, found evidence it was used by Neanderthals, and plant and animal remains in the cave gave evidence of Neanderthals highly varied diet.</p><br>
<h2>Fortification</h2><br>
<h3>Moorish Castle</h3><br>
<p>The Moorish Castle is a relic of Moorish rule over Gibraltar, which lasted for 710 years. It was built in the year A.D. 711, when the Berber chieftain Tariq ibn-Ziyad first landed on the Rock that still bears his name. The 17th-century Muslim historian Al-Maqqari wrote that upon landing, Tariq burned his ships.</p><br>
<p>The principal building that remains is the Tower of Homage, a massive building of brick and very hard concrete called tapia. The upper part of the tower housed the former occupants&#39; living apartments and Moorish bath.</p><br>
<h3>Galleries</h3><br>
<p>A unique feature of the Rock is its system of underground passages, known as the Galleries or the Great Siege Tunnels.</p><br>
<p>The first of these was dug towards the end of the Great Siege of Gibraltar, which lasted from 1779 to 1783. General Elliot, afterwards Lord Heathfield, who commanded the garrison throughout the siege, was anxious to bring flanking fire on the Spanish batteries in the plain below the North face of the Rock. On the suggestion of Sergeant-Major Henry Ince of the Royal Engineers, he had a tunnel bored from a point above Willis&#39;s Battery to communicate with the Notch, a natural projection from the North face. The plan was to mount a battery there. There was no intention at first of making embrasures in this tunnel, but an opening was found necessary for ventilation; as soon as it had been made a gun was mounted in it. By the end of the siege, the British had constructed six such embrasures, and mounted four guns.</p><br>
<p>The Galleries, which tourists may visit, were a later development of the same idea and were finished in 1797. They consist of a whole system of halls, embrasures, and passages, of a total length of nearly 304 m. From them, one may see a series of unique views of the Bay of Gibraltar, the isthmus, and Spain.</p><br>
<h3>Second World War onwards</h3><br>
<p>When World War II broke out in 1939, the authorities evacuated the civilian population to Morocco, the United Kingdom, Jamaica, and Madeira so that the military could fortify Gibraltar against a possible German attack. By 1942 there were over 30,000 British soldiers, sailors, and airmen on the Rock. They expanded the tunnel system and made the Rock a keystone in the defence of shipping routes to the Mediterranean.</p><br>
<p>In February 1997, it was revealed the British had a secret plan called Operation Tracer to conceal service men in tunnels beneath the Rock in case the Germans captured it. The team in the rock would have radio equipment with which to report enemy movements. A six-man team waited under cover at Gibraltar for two and half years. The Germans never got close to capturing the rock and so the men were never sealed inside. The team was disbanded to resume civilian life when the war ended.</p><br>
<h3>Sayings</h3><br>
<p>The saying "solid as the Rock of Gibraltar" is used to describe an entity that is very safe or firm.</p><br>
<p>The motto of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment and Gibraltar itself is Nulli Expugnabilis Hosti (Latin for "No Enemy Shall Expel Us").</p><br>
<h2>Nature Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 40% of Gibraltar&#39;s land area was declared a nature reserve in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>The flora and fauna of the Gibraltar Nature Reserve are of conservation interest and are protected by law. Within it is a range of animals and plants, but the highlights are the Barbary macaques (the famous Rock apes), the Barbary partridges, and flowers such as Gibraltar&#39;s own Chickweed, Thyme and the Gibraltar Candytuft. The Barbary macaques may have originated from an escape of North African animals transported to Spain; it is also possible that the original Gibraltar macaques are a remnant of populations that are known to have spread throughout Southern Europe during the Pliocene, up to 5.5 million years ago. Some animals of the Rock have been reintroduced by the Alameda Wildlife Conservation Park who have three Barbary macaques.</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>The Rock of Gibraltar, at the head of the Strait, is a prominent headland, which accumulates migrating birds during the passage periods. The vegetation on the Rock, unique in southern Iberia, provides a temporary home for many species of migratory birds that stop to rest and feed before continuing migration for their crossing over the sea and desert. In spring, they return to replenish before continuing their journeys to Western Europe, journeys which may take them as far as Greenland or Russia.</p><br>
<p>The Rock has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International, because it is a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, for an estimated 250,000 raptors that cross the Strait annually, and because it supports breeding populations of Barbary partridges and lesser kestrels.</p><br>
<p>The Servarayan hills, with the anglicised name Shevaroy Hills, are a towering mountain range  near the town of Salem, in Tamil Nadu state, southern India. It is one of the major hill stations in Tamil Nadu and in the Eastern Ghats.</p><br>
<p>The local Tamil name comes from a local deity, Servarayan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Servarayans form part of the southern ranges of the Eastern Ghats System. Shevaroys cover an area of 400 km&sup2;, with plateaus from 4,000 - above sea-level. The main town here is Yercaud. As earlier stated, it also represents the highest peak in southern part of the Eastern Ghats, with the Solaikaradu peak towering to 1620 m above mean sea-level. It is nestled parallel to the lower Chitteri - Kalrayan hills, just north of the Kolli Hills and Pachaimalai Hills hills. Westwards, lie the Mettur hills. This range forms an important link in the southern part of Eastern Ghats hill chain.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Servarayan hills have several old coffee plantations, and a sanatorium.</p><br>
<p>The major areas of tourist interest are the Yercaud Orchidarium of the Botanical Survey of India, and the old coffee estates.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Some patches of the original forests still exist in the Shevaroy hills and those in higher slopes and peaks contain several endemic species of plants and fauna. The faunal and floral elements high up here have stark similarities to the Western Ghats. Such highlights include Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji) in the peaks here, which apart from upper reaches of Western Ghats, is not known from the Eastern Ghats elsewhere. Natural forests apart, coffee and citrus fruits, most notably oranges, are grown in abundance, as well as bananas, pears and jackfruit.</p><br>
<p>Fauna such as gaur, sambar deer, spotted deer, Indian pangolin, jackals, hares, foxes, mongoose, civets, giant squirrels, and many reptiles including endemic ones such Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus, Calotes calotes, Calotes rouxii, Mabuya beddomii and shield tail snake like Uropeltis ellioti and Uropeltis shorttii (which is endemic to the hill range), the endangered Python molurus, Macropisthodon plumbicolor, Calliophis beddomei and Trimeresurus gramineus; endemic amphibians such as Hylarana, Raorchestes, Fejervarya and scores of birds like the whistling thrush, racket-tailed drongo, peacock, shama, Oriental leafbird and Indian grey hornbill occur in Shevaroy Hills.</p><br>
<p>The Trebbia  is a river predominantly of Liguria and Emilia Romagna in northern Italy. It is one of the four main right-bank tributaries of the river Po, the other three being the Tanaro, the Secchia and the Panaro. The 1,150 km&sup2; drainage basin is divided among Emilia Romagna, 770 km&sup2, Liguria, 349 km&sup2, and Lombardy, 31 km&sup2;. Its principal tributaries are the torrents Aveto and Perino  and the torrent Boreca .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The source of the river, the Trebbia river spring, is in the Ligurian Apennines on the south slopes of Monte Prelà, to the south of Monte Antola in the comune of Torriglia, Province of Genoa. Monte Prelà, 1,407 m high, is part of the Antola massif.</p><br>
<p>The spring is not on the peak but is at roughly 800 m. Across a small ridge to the west, on which sits Torriglia, and slightly further downslope is the source of the Scrivia river. Over a ridge to the northeast is the Brugneto reservoir, water supply for Genoa. The reservoir was created in 1959 by damming Brugneto stream, which formerly joined its waters to the Trebbia, but now only does so when the reservoir is full. A ridge running north from Prelà connects to Monte Druso, then to Monte Cremado, and finally to Monte Antola at 1,597 m. From its peak on a clear day can be seen Genoa, Corsica, the Tuscan Archipelago and the Alps.</p><br>
<p>From its source the river flows towards north-east for 118 km until it reaches the Po just to the west of Piacenza. The Alta Val Trebbia ("High Trebbia Valley") includes the valley down to Bobbio. It straddles eight comuni of the Province of Genoa: Torriglia, Rondanina, Propata, Fascia, Montebruno, Rovegno, Fontanigorda and Gorreto. Each of these contains numerous hamlets, some on the river, most on the slopes. Gorreto is on the Ligurian side of the border with Piacenza province.</p><br>
<p>Past Gorreto the Trebbia flows under a few mountain villages arriving at the next town, Ottone. Below Ottone Val Boreca enters from the left opposite the frazione of Losso. The Boreca is a mountain brook falling from the heights of the "four provinces" region generally too small to be shown on maps but visible in satellite photographs. Just below Zerba (from which it is accessed) its waters are impounded by a dam diverting them through the turbines of a hydroelectric power station.</p><br>
<p>The border with the Province of Pavia in southernmost Lombardy follows the Trebbia for about 2,000 m where it bends around Ponte Organasco, so that some of the river and bottom lands are in Lombardy. Further downstream the valley opens to accommodate Corte Brugnatella and then closes to form steep sides again. Receiving the Torrente Carlone from the left it enters Bobbio on the left bank. Here the high valley ends and the valley becomes the Val Trebbia.</p><br>
<p>The river goes on under a good many small communities located up on the flanks of the hills before reaching the next good-sized town on it, Travo, and then Rivergaro. Here the val ends. It widens and merges with the Pianura Padana, "plain of the Po", beyond Rivergaro and a few miles later encounters the suburban communities on the west side of Piacenza before entering the Po. Geologically the course of the lower Trebbia and that of the Po is unstable except where stabilized by man.</p><br>
<p>Nearly the whole course of the river is paralleled by the Strada statale della Val Trebbia, highway SS45, running between Piacenza and Genoa. It encounters the river at Rivergaro and winds with it through the mountains, breaking away just below the source to bend southwest over the ridges to Genoa.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The following trees are predominant in the forests of Val Trebbia: Fagus silvatica at 800 m to 1,500 m; over 1500 m: Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Laburnum anagyroides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Abies alba, Larix decidua, Alnus incana, Populus tremula; below 1,000 m: Quercus cerris, Quercus sessiflora, Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre, Ulmus campestris, Populus alba, Populus canescens, Alnus glutinosa, Prunus avium, Pirus communis, Malus communis, Corylus avellana; below 800 m: Castanea sativa.</p><br>
<p>The shrubbery includes the following species: Juniperus communis, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus, Polygala chamaebuxus, Daphne mezereum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cornus mas, Euonymus europaea, Cytisus sessilifolius, Erica arborea, Ruscus aculeatus, Clematis vitalba, Lonicera caprifolium, Crataegus oxyacantha, Rosa canina, Spartium junceum.</p><br>
<p>The ferns are Polypodium volgare, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Dryopteris filix-mas, Pteridium aquilinum, Notholaena marantae.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Val Trebbia is within the endemic range of Moltoni&#39;s warbler, a subspecies of Sylvia cantillans better known in the western Mediterranean islands. The birds forage for insects in mixed shrubland of varying heights and both broad-leaved and coniferous composition.</p><br>
<p>The other birds include Buteo buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Accipiter nisus, Pernis apivorus, Cinclus cinclus, Charadrius dubius, Motacilla alba, Motacilla flava, Alcedo atthis, Alectoris rufa and Picus viridis.</p><br>
<h2>Geologic history</h2><br>
<p>The northern Apennines are a belt of northeast-southwest mountains on the coast of northwest Italy folded by transverse thrusting from sedimentary rock. The streams draining it run primarily in a northeastern direction perpendicular to the line of the folds and project into the Po river an average of 50 km from the source. The eroded landscape of the north Apennines covers about 2,800 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>For much of their lengths, these heavily braided streams run through montane terrain that is minimally developed, is known for its wildlife, and remains in a pristine state. The sediment eroded from the mountains is deposited in alluvial fans and terraces in the Po valley, which is heavily populated and in ancient times flooded regularly. Diking has prevented much of the flooding but now due to confinement of deposition within the stream beds significant lengths of stream run entirely above ground, in places as high as the rooftops. This is a development of the previous thousand years.</p><br>
<p>The native rock differs between the two banks. On the left is mainly sedimentary rock, the Monte Antola limestone, which is actually a marlstone. On the right is both sedimentary and metamorphic rock: ophiolite, serpentinite, basalt, jasper.</p><br>
<p>Val Trebbia is covered with a blanket of rich soil reddish or brown in color from hematite an average of 4 m deep. It consists of loess deposited in layers during periods of glacial maxima beginning about 400000 years ago in the Middle Pleistocene. The loess initially accumulated on gravelled terraces deriving from native rock.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural history</h2><br>
<p>Judging from the archaeological evidence, the Trebbia valley has been continuously occupied since the end of the Acheulian in the Paleolithic, about 150000 years ago. In the Mesolithic various summer camps for high-altitude hunting were located in the valley. Neolithic cultures were at first diverse (4500 BC). Later in the Neolithic, at about 4000 BC, the Square-mouthed pottery culture began to prevail; at about 3000 BC, the Chassey-Lagozza culture of the Chalcolithic. The Bronze Age population resided in settlements located at positions with natural defenses. Etruscan elements began in the Iron Age, about the 5th century BC. Celtic artifacts immediately preceded the Roman presence.</p><br>
<p>Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the battles of the Second Punic War: the Battle of Trebbia, where Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river is first known from Polybius, who wrote in the middle Roman Republic, but used materials dating to earlier. Which people first assigned it and during which period remains unclear. Without knowing the probable language the few etymologies are highly speculative.</p><br>
<p>Kinder Scout is a moorland plateau and National Nature Reserve in the Dark Peak of the Derbyshire Peak District in England. Part of the moor, at 636 m above sea level, is the highest point in the Peak District, the highest point in Derbyshire, and the highest point in the East Midlands. In excellent weather conditions the city of Manchester and the Greater Manchester conurbation can be seen, as well as Winter Hill near Bolton, and the mountains of Snowdonia in North Wales.</p><br>
<p>To the north across the Snake Pass lie the high moors of Bleaklow and Black Hill, which are of similar elevation.</p><br>
<p>Kinder Scout featured on the BBC television programme Seven Natural Wonders (2005) as one of the wonders of the Midlands, though it is considered by many to be in Northern England, lying between the cities of Manchester and Sheffield.</p><br>
<p>The history and meaning of the name have been studied by Broderick. In chronostratigraphy, the British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period, the Kinderscoutian derives its name from Kinder Scout.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>Kinder Scout is accessible from the villages of Hayfield and Edale in the High Peak of Derbyshire. It is a popular hiking location and the Pennine Way crosses Kinder Scout and the moors to the north. This has resulted in the erosion of the underlying peat, prompting work by Derbyshire County Council and the Peak District National Park to repair it, in conjunction with the landowner, the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>The plateau was the target of the mass trespass in 1932. From the National Parks inception, a large area of the high moorland north of Edale was designated as Open Country&#39;. In 2003, the "right to roam" on uncultivated land was enshrined into law, and this area of open country has been significantly extended.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the Kinder Scout plateau (except legal rights of way) are still occasionally closed for conservation, public safety, grouse shooting or fire prevention reasons, but prior notice is generally given on the Peak District National Park Authority&#39;s website.</p><br>
<h2>Kinder Downfall and gritstone edges</h2><br>
<p>Kinder Downfall is the tallest waterfall in the Peak District, with a 30-metre fall. It lies on the River Kinder, where it flows west over one of the gritstone cliffs on the plateau edge. The waterfall was formerly known as Kinder Scut, and it is from this that the plateau derives its name. Although usually little more than a trickle in summer, in spate conditions it is impressive. In certain wind conditions (notably when there is a strong westerly wind), the water is blown back on itself, and the resulting cloud of spray can be seen from several miles away. Below the Downfall the River Kinder flows into Kinder Reservoir. In cold winters the waterfall freezes providing local mountaineers with an icy challenge that can be climbed with ice axes, ropes and crampons.</p><br>
<p>Some of Kinder&#39;s many gritstone cliffs were featured in the first rock-climbing guide to the Peak District, Some Gritstone Climbs, published in 1913 and written by John Laycock.</p><br>
<h2>View</h2><br>
<p>Major English and Welsh peaks visible (in ideal conditions) from Kinder Scout include (clockwise from west) Winter Hill (31 mi), Pendle Hill (38 mi), Ingleborough (58 mi), Whernside (62 mi), Pen-y-ghent (56 mi), Fountains Fell (54 mi), Buckden Pike (57 mi), Great Whernside (54 mi), Bleaklow (5 mi), Margery Hill (8 mi), the Weaver Hills (26 mi), Axe Edge (11 mi), The Roaches (16 mi), Shutlingsloe (13 mi), Shining Tor (10 mi), the Long Mynd (71 mi), Stiperstones (71 mi), Corndon Hill (74 mi), Cilfaesty Hill (88 mi), Moel y Golfa (68 mi), Plynlimon (102 mi), Cadair Berwyn (72 mi), Beeston Castle (38 mi), Alderley Edge (15 mi), Arenig Fawr (84 mi), Moel Famau (60 mi), Snowdon (94 mi), Glyder Fach (91 mi), Tryfan (90 mi), Y Garn (92 mi), Carnedd Llewelyn (88 mi) and Foel-fras (87 mi).</p><br>
<h2>Edale Cross</h2><br>
<p>The Edale Cross lies immediately south of Kinder Scout, under Kinder Low and on the former Hayfield to Edale road. It marks the former junction of the three wards of the Forest of Peak: Glossop and Longdendale, Hopedale and Campagna. The first cross on the site may have been set up by the Abbots of Basingwerk Abbey to mark the southern boundary of their land, granted in 1157. The date of the current cross is unknown, although a plaque beside it claims it to be mediaeval. At some point it fell down, and was re-erected in 1810, when the date and initials JG, WD, GH, JH and JS were carved into it. These stand for John Gee, William Drinkwater, George and Joseph Hadfield and John Shirt, local farmers of the day who raised the cross. The cross is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Mermaid legend</h2><br>
<p>Mermaid&#39;s Pool, a small pool below Kinder Downfall, is said to be inhabited by a mermaid who will grant immortality upon whoever sees her on Easter Eve.</p><br>
<p>Ḫattuša  was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age. Its ruins lie near modern Boğazkale, Turkey, within the great loop of the Kızılırmak River .</p><br>
<p>Hattusha was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>The landscape surrounding the city included rich agricultural fields and hill lands for pasture as well as woods. Smaller woods are still found outside the city, but in ancient times, they were far more widespread. This meant the inhabitants had an excellent supply of timber when building their houses and other structures. The fields provided the people with a subsistence crop of wheat, barley and lentils. Flax was also harvested, but their primary source for clothing was sheep wool. They also hunted deer in the forest, but this was probably only a luxury reserved for the nobility. Domestic animals provided meat.</p><br>
<p>There were several other settlements in the vicinity, such as the rock shrine at Yazılıkaya and the town at Alacahöyük. Since the rivers in the area are unsuitable for major ships, all transport to and from Hattusa had to go by land.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Before 2000 BC, the apparently indigenous Hattian people established a settlement on sites that had been occupied even earlier and referred to the site as Hattush. The Hattians built their initial settlement on the high ridge of Büyükkale. The earliest traces of settlement on the site are from the sixth millennium BC. In the 19th and 18th centuries BC, merchants from Assur in Assyria established a trading post there, setting up in their own separate quarter of the city. The center of their trade network was located in Kanesh (Neša) (modern Kültepe). Business dealings required record-keeping: the trade network from Assur introduced writing to Hattusa, in the form of cuneiform.</p><br>
<p>A carbonized layer apparent in excavations attests to the burning and ruin of the city of Hattusa around 1700 BC. The responsible party appears to have been King Anitta from Kussara, who took credit for the act and erected an inscribed curse for good measure:</p><br>
<h2>The Hittite imperial city</h2><br>
<p>Only a generation later, a Hittite-speaking king chose the site as his residence and capital. The Hittite language had been gaining speakers at the expense of Hattic for some time. The Hattic Hattush now became the Hittite Hattusa, and the king took the name of Hattusili, the "one from Hattusa". Hattusili marked the beginning of a non-Hattic-speaking "Hittite" state and of a royal line of Hittite Great Kings, 27 of whom are now known by name.</p><br>
<p>After the Kaskas arrived to the kingdom&#39;s north, they twice attacked the city to the point where the kings had to move the royal seat to another city. Under Tudhaliya I, the Hittites moved north to Sapinuwa, returning later. Under Muwatalli II, they moved south to Tarhuntassa but assigned Hattusili III as governor over Hattusa. Mursili III returned the seat to Hattusa, where the kings remained until the end of the Hittite kingdom in the 12th century BC.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, the city covered 1.8 km² and comprised an inner and outer portion, both surrounded by a massive and still visible course of walls erected during the reign of Suppiluliuma I (circa 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)). The inner city covered an area of some 0.8 km² and was occupied by a citadel with large administrative buildings and temples. The royal residence, or acropolis, was built on a high ridge now known as Büyükkale (Great Fortress).</p><br>
<p>To the south lay an outer city of about 1 km, with elaborate gateways decorated with reliefs showing warriors, lions, and sphinxes. Four temples were located here, each set around a porticoed courtyard, together with secular buildings and residential structures. Outside the walls are cemeteries, most of which contain cremation burials. Modern estimates put the population of the city between 40,000 and 50,000 at the peak; in the early period, the inner city housed a third of that number. The dwelling houses that were built with timber and mud bricks have vanished from the site, leaving only the stone-built walls of temples and palaces.</p><br>
<p>The city was destroyed, together with the Hittite state itself, around 1200 BC, as part of the Bronze Age collapse. Excavations suggest that Hattusa was gradually abandoned over a period of several decades as the Hittite empire disintegrated. The site was subsequently abandoned until 800 BC, when a modest Phrygian settlement appeared in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Ernest Chantre opened some trial trenches at the village then called Boğazköy, in 1893–94. Since 1906, the German Oriental Society has been excavating at Hattusa (with breaks during the two World Wars and the Depression, 1913–31 and 1940–51). Archaeological work is still carried out by the German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut). Hugo Winckler and Theodore Makridi Bey conducted the first excavations in 1906, 1907, and 1911–13, which were resumed in 1931 under Kurt Bittel, followed by Peter Neve (site director 1963, general director 1978–94).</p><br>
<h3>Cuneiform royal archives</h3><br>
<p>One of the most important discoveries at the site has been the cuneiform royal archives of clay tablets, consisting of official correspondence and contracts, as well as legal codes, procedures for cult ceremony, oracular prophecies and literature of the ancient Near East. One particularly important tablet, currently on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, details the terms of a peace settlement reached years after the Battle of Kadesh between the Hittites and the Egyptians under Ramesses II, in 1259 or 1258 BC. A copy is on display in the United Nations in New York City as an example of the earliest known international peace treaties.</p><br>
<p>Although the 30,000 or so clay tablets recovered from Hattusa form the main corpus of Hittite literature, archives have since appeared at other centers in Anatolia, such as Tabigga (Maşat Höyük) and Sapinuwa (Ortaköy). They are now divided between the archaeological museums of Ankara and Istanbul.</p><br>
<h2>Sphinx</h2><br>
<p>A pair of sphinxes found at the southern gate in Hattusa were taken for restoration to Germany in 1917. The better-preserved sphinx was returned to Istanbul in 1924 and was placed on display in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, whereas the other remained in Germany and had been on display at the Pergamon Museum since 1934. Previously, Turkey had made numerous requests for its return.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, threats by Turkish Ministry of Culture to impose restrictions on German archaeologists working in Turkey finally persuaded Germany to return the sphinx. The Istanbul sphinx was also brought back to its place of origin and the pair were reunited in Boğazköy Museum outside the Hattusa ruins.</p><br>
<p>The South Street Seaport is a historic area in the New York City borough of Manhattan, centered where Fulton Street meets the East River, and adjacent to the Financial District. The Seaport is a designated historic district, and is distinct from the neighboring Financial District. It is part of Manhattan Community Board 1 in Lower Manhattan, and is bounded by the Financial District to the west, southwest, and north; the East River to the southeast; and Two Bridges to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>It features some of the oldest architecture in downtown Manhattan, and includes the largest concentration of restored early 19th-century commercial buildings in the city. This includes renovated original mercantile buildings, renovated sailing ships, the former Fulton Fish Market, and modern tourist malls featuring food, shopping, and nightlife, with a view of the Brooklyn Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>As port</h3><br>
<p>The first pier in the area appeared in 1625, when the Dutch West India Company founded an outpost here. With the influx of the first settlers, the area was quickly developed. One of the first and busiest streets in the area was today&#39;s Pearl Street, so named for a variety of coastal pearl shells. Due to its location, Pearl Street quickly gained popularity among traders. The East River was eventually narrowed. By the second half of the 17th century, the pier was extended to Water Street, then to Front Street, and by the beginning of the 19th century, to South Street. The pier was well reputed, as it was protected from westerly winds and ice of the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>In 1728, the Schermerhorn Family established trade with the city of Charleston, South Carolina. Subsequently, rice and indigo came from Charleston. At the time, the port was also the focal point of delivery of goods from England. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, the British occupied the port, adversely affecting port trade for eight years. In 1783, many traders returned to England, and most port enterprises collapsed. The port quickly recovered from the post-war crisis. From 1797 until the middle of 19th century, New York had the country&#39;s largest system of maritime trade. From 1815 to 1860 the port was called the Port of New York.</p><br>
<p>On February 22, 1784, the Empress of China sailed from the port to Guangzhou and returned to Philadelphia on May 15, 1785, bringing along, in its cargo, green and black teas, porcelain, and other goods. This operation marked the beginning of trade relations between the newly formed United States and the Qing Empire.</p><br>
<p>On January 5, 1818, the 424-ton transatlantic packet James Monroe sailed from Liverpool, opening the first regular trans-Atlantic voyage route, the Black Ball Line. Shipping on this route continued until 1878. Commercially successful transatlantic traffic has led to the creation of many competing companies, including the Red Star Line in 1822. Transportation significantly contributed to the establishment of the New York one of the centers of world trade.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest companies in the South Street Seaport area was the Fulton Fish Market, opened in 1822. In 2005, it was moved to the area of Hunts Point, Bronx.</p><br>
<p>In November 1825, the Erie Canal, located upstate, was opened. The canal, connecting New York to the western United States, facilitated the economic development of the city. However, for this reason, along with the beginning of the shipping era, there was a need to lengthen the piers and deepen the port.</p><br>
<p>On the night of December 17, 1835 a large fire in New York City destroyed 17 blocks, and many buildings in the South Street Seaport burned to the ground. Nevertheless, by the 1840s, the port recovered, and by 1850, it reached its heyday:</p><br>
<p>At its peak, the port hosted many commercial enterprises, institutions, ship-chandlers, workshops, boarding houses, saloons, and brothels. However, by the 1880s, the port began to be depleted of resources, space for the development of these businesses was diminishing, and the port became too shallow for newer ships. By the 1930s, most of the piers no longer functioned, and cargo ships docked mainly on ports on the West Side and in Hoboken. By the late 1950s, the old Ward Line docks, comprising Piers 15, 16, and part of 17, were mostly vacant.</p><br>
<h3>As museum</h3><br>
<p>The South Street Seaport Museum was founded in 1967 by Peter and Norma Stanford. When originally opened as a museum, the focus of the Seaport Museum conservation was to be an educational historic site, with shops mostly operating as reproductions of working environments found during the Seaport&#39;s heyday.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, redevelopment began to turn the museum into a greater tourist attraction via development of modern shopping areas. The project was undertaken by the prominent developer James Rouse and modeled on the concept of a "festival marketplace," a leading revitalization strategy throughout the 1970s. On the other side of Fulton Street from Schermerhorn Row, the main Fulton Fish Market building, which had become a large plain garage-type structure, was rebuilt as an upscale shopping mall. Pier 17&#39;s old platforms were demolished and a new glass shopping pavilion raised in its place, which opened in August 1983.</p><br>
<p>The original intent of the Seaport development was the preservation of the block of buildings known as Schermerhorn Row on the southwest side of Fulton Street, which were threatened with neglect or future development, at a time when the history of New York Citys sailing ship industry was not valued, except by some antiquarians. Early historic preservation efforts focused on these buildings and the acquisition of several sailing ships. Almost all buildings and the entire Seaport neighborhood are meant to transport the visitor back in time to New Yorks mid-19th century, to demonstrate what life in the commercial maritime trade was like. Docked at the Seaport are a few historical sailing vessels, including the Wavertree. A section of nearby Fulton Street is preserved as cobblestone and lined with shops, bars, and restaurants. The Bridge Cafe, which claims to be "The Oldest Drinking Establishment in New York" is in a building that formerly housed a brothel.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Hurricane Sandy heavily damaged the Seaport; tidal floods (seven feet deep in places) inundated much of the Seaport causing extensive damage that forced an end to plans to restore the Museums fortunes by merging it into the Museum of the City of New York. Many of the businesses closed, and the remaining businesses suffered from a severe drop in business after the storm. The South Street Seaport Museum re-opened in December 2012. The Howard Hughes Corporation, the Seaports owner, announced that it would tear down the Seaport&#39;s most prominent shopping area, Pier 17, starting in the fall of 2013, and will replace it with a new structure by 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and management</h2><br>
<p>The Seaport is currently owned and managed by the Howard Hughes Corporation. Formerly, it was run by General Growth Properties, who acquired the Seaport&#39;s longtime owner, the Rouse Company, in 2004. As part of its restructuring, General Growth spun off the Howard Hughes Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Constituent parts</h2><br>
<h3>Museum</h3><br>
<p>Designated by Congress in 1998 as one of several museums which together make up "America&#39;s National Maritime Museum", South Street Seaport Museum sits in a 12 square-block historic district that is the site of the original port of New York City. The Museum has over 30,000 ft&sup2; of exhibition space and educational facilities. It houses exhibition galleries, a working 19th-century print shop, an archeology museum, a maritime library, a craft center, a marine life conservation lab, and the largest privately owned fleet of historic ships in the country.</p><br>
<h3>Shopping mall and tourist attraction</h3><br>
<p>At the Seaport a mall and tourism center, is built on Pier 17 on the East River. Visitors may choose from among many shops and a food court. Currently, Pier 17 is closed and is scheduled to reopen at either the end of 2016/ beginning of 2017. However, there are other dining and clothing boutiques opened in the area worth checking out. Decks outside on pier 15 allow views of the East River, Brooklyn Bridge, and Brooklyn Heights.</p><br>
<p>At the entrance to the Seaport is the Titanic Memorial lighthouse.</p><br>
<h3>ESPN studios</h3><br>
<p>Sports broadcaster ESPN will open a radio and television studio at Pier 17, covering 17,000 ft2.</p><br>
<h3>Ships in the port</h3><br>
<p>The museum has five vessels docked permanently or semi-permanently, four of which have formal historical status.</p><br>
<p>Legend:</p><br>
<p>– Designated National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>– On the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer and W. O. Decker operate during favorable weather.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>South Street Seaport is currently served by the New York City Bus route.</p><br>
<p>New York Water Taxi directly serves South Street Seaport on Fridays, weekends, and holidays during the summer, while other New York Water Taxi, NYC Ferry, and SeaStreak ferries serve the nearby ferry slip at Pier 11/Wall Street daily.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Street/Fulton Center station complex is the closest New York City Subway station. A new subway station, provisionally called Seaport, has been proposed as part of the unfunded Phase 4 of the Second Avenue Subway. Although this station will be located only 3 blocks from the Fulton Street station, there are no plans for a free transfer between them.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Film:</p><br>
<p>The seaport is a crucial location in the movie I Am Legend (2007), in which Will Smith&#39;s character broadcasts that he will be there each day at noon, to meet any fellow survivors of a virus outbreak.</p><br>
<p>The seaport was used in The Adjustment Bureau (2011) as well.</p><br>
<p>Games:</p><br>
<p>In the video game Crysis 2 (2011), Pier 17 was featured as a multi-player map.</p><br>
<p>Music:</p><br>
<p>The original Sub Pop version of Nirvana&#39;s "In Bloom" video was filmed here in 1990. The video features Kurt, Krist, and Chad clowning around inside the South Street Mall as well as on Wall Street.</p><br>
<p>The venue is home to the Seaport Music Festival each summer.</p><br>
<p>South Street Seaport-3.jpgAerial view</p><br>
<p>Fulton Market sun jeh.jpgFulton Market</p><br>
<p>USA-NYC-Pier 17a.jpgPier 17</p><br>
<p>South Street Seaport 002.JPGCorner of Front and Beekman Streets</p><br>
<p>Peck Slip PO jeh.JPGPeck Slip US Post Office, now reused as school</p><br>
<p>Governors Island is a 172 acre island in New York Harbor, approximately 800 yd from the southern tip of Manhattan Island and separated from Brooklyn by Buttermilk Channel, approximately 400 yd. It is part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The National Park Service administers a small portion of the north of the island as the Governors Island National Monument, while the Trust for Governors Island operates the remaining 150 acres, including 52 historic buildings. Today, Governors Island is a popular seasonal destination open to the public between May and September with a 43-acre public park completed between 2012-2016, free arts and cultural events, and recreational activities. The island is accessed by ferries from Brooklyn and Manhattan.</p><br>
<p>The Lenape of the Manhattan region referred to the island as Paggank ("nut island"), likely after the islands plentiful hickory, oak, and chestnut trees; the Dutch explorer Adriaen Block called it Noten Eylant, a translation, and this was borrowed into English as Nutten Island. The islands current name, made official in 1784, stems from the British colonial era, when the colonial assembly reserved the island for the exclusive use of New York&#39;s royal governors.</p><br>
<p>In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), Continental Army troops raised defensive works on the island, which they used to fire upon British ships before they were taken. From 1783 to 1966, the island was a United States Army post, and later from 1966 to 1996, the island served as a major United States Coast Guard installation. About 103 acre of fill was added to the island by 1912, making the island a 172 acre island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial period</h3><br>
<p>In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano saw the then called Paggank island, becoming the first European in record to do so. (Island of Nuts; described above) by the Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>In May 1624, Noten Eylandt ("Island of Nuts&quot officially renamed Governors Island in 1784) was the landing place of the first settlers in New Netherland. They had arrived from the Dutch Republic with the ship New Netherland under the command of Cornelius Jacobsen May, who disembarked on the island with thirty families in order to take legal possession of the New Netherland territory. As such, the New York State Senate and Assembly recognize Governors Island as the birthplace of the state of New York, and also certify the island as the place on which the planting of the "legal-political guaranty of tolerance onto the North American continent" took place.</p><br>
<p>In 1633, the fifth director of New Netherland, Wouter van Twiller, arrived with a 104-man regiment on Governors Island—its first use as a military base. Later he operated a farm on the island. He secured his farm by drawing up a deed on June 16, 1637, which was signed by two Lenape, Cacapeteyno and Pewihas, on behalf of their community at Keshaechquereren, situated in what today is New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>New Netherland was conditionally ceded to the English in 1664, and the English renamed the settlement New York in June 1665. By 1674, the British had total control of the island.</p><br>
<h3>American Revolution</h3><br>
<p>After the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, in one night, April 9, 1776, Continental Army General Israel Putnam fortified the island with earthworks and 40 cannons in anticipation of the return of the British Army and navy who had quit New York City the year before. The harbor defenses on the island continued to be improved over the summer, and on July 12, 1776, engaged HMS Phoenix and HMS Rose as they made a run up the Hudson River to the Tappan Zee. The colonists cannon inflicted enough damage to make the British commanders cautious of entering the East River, which later contributed to the success of General George Washingtons retreat across it from Brooklyn into Manhattan after the Battle of Long Island (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn), the British Army effort to take Brooklyn Heights overlooking Manhattan and the largest battle of the entire war.</p><br>
<p>The Continental Army forces collapsed after being flanked and eventually withdrew from Brooklyn and from Governors Island as well, and the British occupied it in late August. From September 2 to 14, the new British garrison would engage volleys with Washington&#39;s guns on the battery in front of Fort George in Manhattan. The fort, along with the rest of New York City, was held by the British for the rest of the war until Evacuation Day at the end of the war in 1783.</p><br>
<h3>Late 18th through 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the Revolution, the island, as a former holding of the Crown, came into ownership by the state of New York and saw no military usage. Prompted by the unsettled international situation between the warring powers of France and Great Britain and the need for more substantial harbor fortifications, the Revolutionary War-era earthworks were rehabilitated into harbor defenses by the city and state of New York.</p><br>
<p>Noten (in pidgin language, "Nutten") Island was renamed Governors Island in 1784 as the island, in earlier times, had been reserved by the British colonial assembly for the exclusive use of New Yorks royal governors. The Governors House (perhaps ca 1703, with additions) survives as the oldest structure on the island.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1790s, the Quasi-War with France prompted a national program of harbor fortifications and the state of New York began improvements as a credit for its Revolutionary War debt. In February 1800, the island was conveyed to the federal government, which undertook the reconstruction of Fort Jay and new construction of two waterfront batteries, Castle Williams and South or Half Moon Battery.</p><br>
<p>Two forts were built. The first, Fort Jay, was built in 1794 by the state of New York on the site of the earlier Revolutionary War earthworks, and was originally a square four-bastioned fort of earthworks and timber. A sandstone and brick gate house topped with a sculpture of an eagle dates to that time and is the oldest structure on the island. From 1806 to 1809, Fort Jay, then renamed Fort Columbus was reconstructed in more substantial brick and granite with the addition of a ravelin on its north face, giving the fort its current five-point-star appearance, to better protect the fort from a Manhattan-based attack and to more directly place cannon fire on to the East and Hudson Rivers. The second major fortification, Castle Williams, was based on a design by Colonel Jonathan Williams; construction started in 1807 and substantially completed in November 1811. Located on a rocky shoal extending from the northwest corner of the island, it was inspired by then-modern French thinking on fortifications, but a pioneering design for American fortification. It was a designed as a circular structure that could project a 320 degree arc of cannon fire from three levels of casemates (bomb-proof rooms holding two cannons each) and roof, holding 103 cannon gun emplacements.</p><br>
<p>Fort Jay and Castle Williams are considered among the best remaining examples of First System (Fort Jay) and Second System (Castle Williams) American coastal fortification. They proved useful soon after completion, as they were used to defend the city in the War of 1812. However, within two decades, their defenses were antiquated and the forts&#39; usages needed to be downsized. Therefore, part of Governors Island was repurposed for civilian use. However, the Army still retained military operations, with an "administrative and training center" on the island and a muster station throughout the Mexican–American War and American Civil War; in addition, there was an arsenal and Army-operated music school located on the island.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Castle Williams held Confederate prisoners of war and Fort Jay held captured Confederate officers. After the war, Castle Williams was used as a military stockade and became the east coast counterpart to military prisons at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Alcatraz Island, California. In 1878, the military installation on the island, then known collectively as Fort Columbus, became a major Army administrative center. Army officers&#39; families started to move in, and resources, such as a movie theater, a YMCA, an "officer’s club," a public school, and three chapels, were built. In 1885, the first incinerator in the USA was built on Governors Island.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Using material excavated from the first New York City subway line (the IRT Lexington Avenue Line under Lexington Avenue), the Army Corps of Engineers supervised the deposit of 4,787,000 yd3 of fill on the south side of Governors Island, adding 103 acre of flat, treeless land by 1912 and bringing the total acreage of the island to 172.</p><br>
<p>By 1912, the island&#39;s administrative leaders included General Tasker H. Bliss, who would become Army Chief of Staff in 1917. In 1939, the island became the headquarters of the USA First Army. Throughout this period, the army culture on the island grew.</p><br>
<p>The Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel passes underwater and off-shore of the island&#39;s northeast corner, its location marked by a ventilation building connected to the island by a causeway. At one point prior to World War II, Robert Moses proposed a bridge across the harbor, with a base located on Governors Island. The intervention of the War Department quashed the plan, calling it a possible navigational threat to the Brooklyn Navy Yard.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, the island was considered as a site for a municipal airport, and it held a small grass strip, the Governors Island Army Airfield, from the 1950s until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>After a yearlong study of by the Department of Defense to cut costs and reduce the number of military installations, the Army announced in November 1964 that Fort Jay and Brooklyn Navy Yard were to be closed by 1966.</p><br>
<h4>Coast Guard era</h4><br>
<p>When the Army left Governors Island in 1966, the installation became a United States Coast Guard base. The Coast Guard saw the island as an opportunity to consolidate and provide more facilities for its schools, and as a base for its regional and Atlantic Ocean operations. This was the Coast Guard&#39;s largest installation, and for them as the Army, served both as a self-contained residential community, with an on-island population of approximately 3,500, and as a base of operations for the Atlantic Area Command, its regional Third District command, Maintenance and Logistics Command, various schools which were relocated from Coast Guard Station New London in New London, Connecticut, and the local office of the Captain of the Port of New York.</p><br>
<p>It was also homeport for several USA Coast Guard cutters including USCGC Dallas (WHEC-716), USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721), USCGC Morgenthau (WHEC-722), USCGC Tamaroa (WMEC-166) and USCGC Sorrel (WLB-296).</p><br>
<p>In the thirty years of occupation on the island, the Coast Guard began a long, slow process of upgrading facilities and infrastructure that had been little improved upon since the 1930s. This effort also prompted a recognition of the island&#39;s military heritage by having 92 acre recognized as a National Historic Landmark on February 4, 1985, recognizing its wide range and representation of Army fortification, administrative and residential architecture dating from the early days of the nation.</p><br>
<p>During this time, Governors Island has served as the backdrop for a number of historic events. In 1986, the island was the setting for the relighting of the newly refurbished Statue of Liberty by President Ronald Reagan. On December 8, 1988, along with Vice President and President elect George Bush, President Ronald Reagan held his final meeting as president with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the Commanding Officers quarters. In July 1993, the United Nations sponsored talks at the South Battery Officers Club to help restore democratic rule in Haiti resulting in the Governors Island Accord, signed between Haitian political leaders.</p><br>
<p>Like the Army 30 years before, the USA Department of Transportation, then parent of the Coast Guard, was compelled to cut costs as other federal agencies in the early 1990s. Because of its high operating costs and remote location from most of its activity in Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, the Governors Island base was identified for closure in 1995. The closure was an agency initiative and not part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) process that impacted numerous Department of Defense installations at that time.</p><br>
<p>By September 1996 the Coast Guard had relocated all functions and residential personnel to offices and bases in Rhode Island and Virginia. The Coast Guard left a caretaker detachment to maintain the island along with the General Services Administration (GSA) while its future was determined. With the departure of the Coast Guard, almost two centuries of the island&#39;s use as a federal military reservation concluded. The disposal of the island as excess federal property was outlined in the Budget Reduction Act of 1996. The legislation set a deadline and directed that the island be sold at a fair market value by GSA by 2002, but gave the city and state of New York a right of first refusal, a provision that was inserted into the legislation by New York senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan who envisioned the island with great potential as a public and civic resource.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment and future uses</h3><br>
<h4>Early proposals</h4><br>
<p>With the announcement of the Coast Guard base closure and departure, city and state officials along with private developers and civic planners began to offer opinions and ideas on the island&#39;s future that included housing, parks, education and private development.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Van Alen Institute hosted an ideas competition called "Public Property" which asked designers "to consider the urban potential of Governors Island in terms of spatial adjacencies and experiential overlaps between a range of actions, actors, events, and ecologies... to acknowledge the physical reality of cities and their historic programmatic complexity as fundamental to the survival of a vital public realm." The competition was open to anyone who registered. More than 200 entries from students, faculty, and landscape architects in 14 different countries were received. The jury members included: Andrea Kahn, Christine Boyer, Miriam Gusevich, Judith Henitz, Carlos Jimenez, and Enric Miralles.</p><br>
<p>A proposal to adaptively reuse Castle Williams for a New Globe Theater was designed by architect Norman Foster. The non-profit organization worked in partnership with Shakespeare&#39;s Globe Theater in London to develop a proposal and seek backing for a cultural center and performance space in the Castle. With the completion of a National Park Service general management plan for Castle Williams and Fort Jay in 2009, it was determined that the proposed use of the Castle for the theater was not congruous with its historical significance.</p><br>
<p>In a last-minute act while in office, President Bill Clinton designated 22 acres of the island, including the two great forts, as Governors Island National Monument on January 19, 2001. In the next year on April 1, 2002, President George W. Bush, Governor Pataki, and Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the federal government would sell Governors Island to the people of New York for a nominal cost, and that the island would be used for public benefit. At the time of the transfer, deed restrictions were created that prohibit permanent housing and casinos on the island. On January 31, 2003, 150 acres of Governors Island were transferred to the people of New York, to be administered by a joint city-state agency, the Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation (GIPEC). The remaining 22 acres was legally reaffirmed by presidential proclamation on February 7, 2003 as the Governors Island National Monument, to be administered by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>On January 19, 2001, Fort Jay and Castle Williams, two of the island&#39;s three historical fortifications, were proclaimed a National Monument. On January 31, 2003, 150 acre of the island was transferred to the State and City of New York for $1. The remainder, a 22 acre portion, was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior as the Governors Island National Monument, administered by the National Park Service. The 150-acre portion of the island not included in the National Monument is administered by The Trust for Governors Island, an entity of the City of New York and the successor of the joint city/state established redevelopment entity, the Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation. The transfer included deed restrictions which prohibit permanent housing or casinos on the island.</p><br>
<p>On February 15, 2006, Governor George Pataki and Mayor Michael Bloomberg called for "visionary ideas to redevelop and preserve Governors Island" to be submitted to Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation (GIPEC). The announcement said proposals should "enhance New Yorks place as a center of culture, business, education and innovation," include public parkland, contribute to the harbors vitality and stress "environmentally sustainable development." Deputy Mayor Dan Doctoroff said whatever group or entity is selected to develop the island would assume the $12 million annual maintenance costs that are now split between the city and state. In early 2007, GIPEC paused in the search for developers, focusing on the development of a major park on the island as called for in the deed that conveyed the island from the federal government to the city and state of New York.</p><br>
<h4>Early redevelopment efforts and construction</h4><br>
<p>In 2007, the Governors Island Preservation and Education Corporation announced five finalist design teams that were chosen to submit their ideas for the future park and Great Promenade; The corporation appointed West 8, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Rogers Marvel Architects, Quennell Rothschild & Partners, and SMWM to design a development plan for Governors Island. The plan included 87 acre of open space on the island, as well as provided for the restoration of the historic district and a new park on the southern half of the island. Each firm was asked their visions for the new park. Dutch landscape architecture firm West 8s proposal featured dramatic topography "in concert with winding pathways and trees to create conceal and reveal&#39; vistas, choreographing the park experience." The firm also proposed free bicycle rentals around the island; and, since the island is windy, designed their proposed topography to provide moments of shelter. With transportation to and from the island, one idea considered was an aerial gondola system designed by Santiago Calatrava.</p><br>
<p>There are very few tenants on the island. Fewer than 1,000 workers, artists, and students work or live on the island. However, in 2009, a 3 acre commercial organic farm, operated by the non-profit organization, Added Value, was launched. In 2010, the Urban Assembly New York Harbor School, a small public high school in Bushwick, Brooklyn, was relocated to the Island, remodeling the former Coast Guard clinic in Building 555. Also that year, artist studios run by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council and housed in a portion of Building 110 opened, and New York University announced an expansion plan that included a campus on the Island, "complete with dorms and faculty housing."</p><br>
<p>In April 2010, the city entered an agreement to take full control of the island&#39;s development from the state of New York through a newly established Trust for Governors Island, and unveiled a new master development plan. Under the plan, the historic northern end will remain structurally unchanged. The middle of the island would be developed into a park stretching to the southern tip. Areas on the east and west sides of the island will be privately developed to generate revenue, and the entire island will be edged by a circumferential promenade. The 40 acre park, designed by Adriaan Geuze of the Dutch landscape architecture firm West 8 would feature playing fields, woodland, and hills built of the rubble of the disused 20th-century buildings sculpted to frame views of the Statue of Liberty and other New York landmarks. The southern end of the park would meet the water in a series of wetlands.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011, the Center for Urban Real Estate (CURE) at Columbia University proposed a fanciful idea of using fill to physically connect Manhattan to Governors Island. CURE proposed "a 92-acre national historic district on the island, 3.9 million square feet for public buildings like schools and 270 acres of open space" in their plan. This proposal, called LoLo, would require 23 million cubic yards of landfill and allow for up to 88 million square feet of new development, while providing new subway stations from the extension of the and trains. and a bridge to Red Hook, Brooklyn. The proposed landfill bridge would also serve as a storm surge barrier.</p><br>
<p>On May 24, 2012, Mayor Michael Bloomberg broke ground on the new park and public spaces designed by landscape architecture firm West 8, along with announcing the opening of the rehabilitated Castle Williams.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomberg administration&#39;s ten-year capital plan had provided funding for the first phase of construction, which began in the summer of 2012. As part of phase 1 of the master plan:</p><br>
<p>Soissons Landing was upgraded to improve access to the island. The ferry docks were rehabilitated, the old ferry waiting room demolished and a new entry plaza completed in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Parade Ground would be re-graded for lawn sports.</p><br>
<p>The Historic District would gain park amenities.</p><br>
<p>A new potable water connection would be established and the seawall would be repaired. There had been no potable water since the island passed to city ownership in 2003, and the locally illegal connection from Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel was severed. Both year-long projects commenced in 2013.</p><br>
<p>As part of the South Island park, Liggett Terrace, a 6 acre courtyard with seasonal plantings near the Liggett Hall, would be added, as was Hammock Grove, a new shaded, wooded area containing hammocks for visitors and a Play Lawn will with 2 new baseball fields. Work commenced in 2012 with demolition of 1960s and 1970s military housing complexes, and while both opened in late 2013, they were finished in early 2014.</p><br>
<p>A parking lot and road surrounding the historic fortification, South Battery, was converted into a lawn in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Another 33 acre in that area may be rezoned for commercial use, including a hotel.</p><br>
<p>On June 6, 2015, the Oyster Pavilion was set to open.</p><br>
<p>See also: The 10 acre Hills section of the park was the last piece of the newly redeveloped island to open. The Hills opened on July 21, 2016, and consist of four hills that are 26 to 70 ft high, including a hill that contains four long slides.</p><br>
<h4>Friends of Governors Island</h4><br>
<p>Since the decision by the US Coast Guard to vacate the 172 acre island in 1995, the Governors Island Alliance and its 50 member organizations led a campaign to return the island to New York for public purposes. Since 2014 the Alliance has been an independent non-profit. In 2016 it was renamed Friends of Governors Island. The Friends run volunteer and membership programs, raise money and perform advocacy for the island.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>From its transfer in 2003 to 2015, Governors Island was open to the public on weekends during the summer. Now the island can be visited seven days a week from May 1 through October 31.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 2010, weekend ferry service commenced between Governors Island and Brooklyn Bridge Park&#39;s Pier 6 at Atlantic Avenue. On the island, passengers depart and arrive at Yankee Pier. A summer Friday-only loop serves Governors Island, Manhattan, Atlantic Avenue, and Brooklyn Bridge Park.</p><br>
<p>In June 2011, NY Waterway started service to points along the East River. On May 1, 2017, that route became part of the NYC Ferrys East River route, which runs between Pier 11/Wall Street in Manhattans Financial District and the East 34th Street Ferry Landing in Murray Hill, Manhattan, with five intermediate stops in Brooklyn and Queens. During summer weekends, Governors Island is an intermediate stop on the route between Pier 11 and Fulton Ferry.</p><br>
<p>Access from Manhattan is from the Battery Maritime Building in the Financial District. The 1908 cast-iron structure, located next to the Staten Island Ferry terminal, was restored between 2001-2006. Service is half-hourly. The departure and arrival dock on Governors Island is the Soissons Dock at the north tip of the island. The ride is about 7 minutes in duration. This ferry is only accessible during the late spring and the summer.</p><br>
<p>Activities on the island include free National Park Service walking tours, bike riding, picnicking, art installations, fairs, drone races, festivals, and concerts. Bicycle, tandem, and quadcycle rental is provided on the island by Bike and Roll at hourly and daily rates. New York Water Taxi operates an artificial beach on the northern tip of the island. The island is roughly divided in half by a street called Division Road. The northeastern half is currently open to the public. The southwestern half, which contains the abandoned USA Coast Guard housing and service areas, is still in redevelopment and some sections remain closed to the public. However, three sections of the park are open: the southern end Picnic Point, the central Hammock Grove as of 2014, and The Hills on the southwestern corner as of 2016. The island&#39;s circumferential drive along the waterfront is also open to the public. Demolition of the USA Coast Guard housing began in 2008. It is on the grounds of the former Liberty Village housing area that was used by Coast Guard families between 1988 and 1996. There are still Coast Guard buildings and barracks, not of historical significance, in areas yet to be redeveloped.</p><br>
<p>The Governors Island Art Fair has taken place annually on the island during weekends in September since 2007. Originally located in buildings on Colonel’s Row, the event has grown to include Castle Williams and Fort Jay as artist venues. The 2015 season saw an expansion in the number and variety of exhibits, held in the former officers&#39; quarters and other buildings, some redeveloped, some not.</p><br>
<p>The "World Trade Center Run to Remember" has been run annually on the island since 2009 on the first Sunday of September. The activities include a 5K Run, 3K Family Fun Run/Walk, Children&#39;s Fun Run, and other activities to benefit organizations associated with 9/11 related services.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>The Smothers Brothers were both born on Governors Island, where their father, Thomas B. Smothers, a USA Army officer, was stationed</p><br>
<p>Janet Lambert, an author of young adult fiction, resided on Governors Island while her husband was the post commander in the 1950s</p><br>
<p>Lois Lowry, author of The Giver, lived on Governors Island during her high school years while her father, an army dentist, was stationed there</p><br>
<p>Michael Collins, NASA astronaut, called Governors Island home during a portion of his childhood</p><br>
<p>Withers A. Burress, Commanding General of the 100th Division (United States) during World War II, finished his distinguished military career as commander of the First United States Army at Fort Jay from 1952-1954, receiving a ticker-tape parade in Lower Manhattan upon his retirement</p><br>
<p>Neal Adams, comic book and commercial artist, born on the Island</p><br>
<p>Harvey E. Brown, Jr., American military officer and army surgeon, born on the Island</p><br>
<p>Courtney Hodges, continued command of First Army at Fort Jay after World War II</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee, also known as Floridas Inland Sea&#39;, is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Florida. It is the eighth largest natural freshwater lake in the United States and the second largest natural freshwater lake  contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states. Okeechobee covers 730 square miles, approximately half the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is exceptionally shallow for a lake of its size, with an average depth of only 9 ft. The lake is divided between Glades, Okeechobee, Martin, Palm Beach, and Hendry counties. All five counties meet at one point near the center of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Okeechobee comes from the Hitchiti words oki (water) and chubi (big).</p><br>
<p>Because of its size and importance, it is often locally referred to simply as the Big O, or simply The Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest known name for the lake was Mayaimi (also meaning "big water"), reported by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda in the 16th century. Slightly later in the 16th century René Goulaine de Laudonnière reported hearing about a large freshwater lake in southern Florida called Serrope. By the 18th century the largely mythical lake was known to British mapmakers and chroniclers by the Spanish name Laguna de Espiritu Santo. In the early 19th century it was known as Mayacco Lake or Lake Mayaca after the Mayaca people, originally from the upper reaches of the St. Johns River, who moved near the lake in the early 18th century. The modern Port Mayaca on the east side of the lake preserves that name. The lake was also called Lake Macaco in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>On the southern rim of Lake Okeechobee, three islands—Kreamer, Ritta, and Torey—were once settled by early pioneers. These settlements had a general store, post office, school, and town elections. Farming was the main vocation. The fertile land was challenging to farm because of the muddy muck. Over the first half of the twentieth century, farmers used agricultural tools—including tractors—to farm in the muck. By the 1960s, all of these settlements were abandoned.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricanes</h3><br>
<p>In 1926 the Great Miami Hurricane hit the Lake Okeechobee area, killing approximately 300 people. Two years later in 1928, the Okeechobee Hurricane crossed over the lake, killing thousands. The Red Cross reported 1,836 deaths which the National Weather Service initially accepted, but in 2003, the number was revised to "at least 2,500". In both cases the catastrophe was caused by flooding from a storm surge when strong winds drove water over the 2 m mud dike that circled the lake at the time.</p><br>
<p>After the two hurricanes, the Florida State Legislature created the "Okeechobee Flood Control District". The organization was authorized to cooperate with the USA Army Corps of Engineers in actions to prevent similar disasters. USA President Herbert Hoover visited the area personally, and afterward the Corps designed a plan incorporating the construction of channels, gates, and levees. The Okeechobee Waterway was officially opened on 23 March 1937 by a procession of boats which left Fort Myers, Florida on 22 March and arrived at Stuart, Florida the following day. The dike was then named the "Herbert Hoover Dike" in honor of the president.</p><br>
<p>The 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane sent an even larger storm surge to the crest of the new dike, causing it to be expanded again in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Four recent hurricanes - Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, and Irma – had no major adverse effects on communities surrounding Lake Okeechobee, even though the lake rose 18 in after Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Tropical Storm Ernesto increased water levels by 1 ft in 2006, the last time it exceeded 13 ft. However, the lake&#39;s level began dropping soon after and by July 2007, it had dropped more than 4 ft to its all-time low of 8.82 ft.</p><br>
<p>In August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay increased water levels to 0.65 m above sea level, the first time it exceeded 3.66 m since January 2007. Over a seven-day period (including some storms that preceded Fay), about 20 cm of rain fell directly onto the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Rim Canal</h3><br>
<p>During construction of the dike, earth was excavated along the inside perimeter, resulting in a deep channel which runs along the perimeter of the lake. In most places the canal is part of the lake, but in others it is separated from the open lake by low grassy islands such as Kreamer Island. During the drought of 2007&ndash;2008 this canal remained navigable while much of surrounding areas were too shallow or even above the water line. Even when the waters are higher, navigating the open lake can be tricky, whereas the rim canal is simple, so to reach a specific location in the lake it is often easiest to go around the rim canal to get close then take one of the many channels into the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental concerns</h3><br>
<p>In 2007, during a drought, state water and wildlife managers removed thousands of truckloads of toxic mud from the lakes floor, in an effort to restore the lakes natural sandy base and create clearer water and better habitat for wildlife. The mud contained elevated levels of arsenic and other pesticides. According to tests from the South Florida Water Management District, arsenic levels on the northern part of the lake bed were as much as four times the limit for residential land. Independent tests found the mud too polluted for use on agricultural or commercial lands, and therefore difficult to dispose of on land.</p><br>
<p>Through early 2008, the lake remained well below normal levels, with large portions of the lake bed exposed above the water line. During this time, portions of the lake bed, covered in organic matter, dried out and caught fire. In late August 2008, Tropical Storm Fay inundated Florida with record amounts of rain. Lake Okeechobee received almost a 1.2 m increase in water level, including local run-off from the tributaries.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 heavy rains in central Florida resulted in high runoff into the lake; rising lake levels forced the CoE (Army Corps of Engineers) to release large volumes of polluted water from the lake through the St. Lucie River estuary to the east and the Caloosahatchee River estuary to the west. Thus the normal mix of fresh and salt water in those estuaries was replaced by a flood of polluted fresh water resulting in ecological damage.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, the CoE has been forced to pump billions of gallons (billions of cubic meters) of water out of the lake to avoid jeopardizing the integrity of the Hoover dike holding back the water from inundating the surrounding populated area. Some claim that sugar plantations have been pumping polluted water from their flooded fields into the lake, but USA Sugar claims back pumping is only to avoid flooding of communities, never to protect farm land. In March 2015, the rate was 1 e9USgal daily. This results in pollution problems for the Treasure Coast, St. Lucie estuary, and the Indian River Lagoon.</p><br>
<p>In May 2016, 33 square miles of the southern portion of the lake were affected by an algal bloom. The outbreak was possibly due in part to nutrient-laden waters reaching the lake from farms and other sources. Microcystin was found among the other species involved in the outbreak.</p><br>
<p>In July 2016, the Federal Government denied Governor Rick Scotts request for Federal Disaster Aid to the Treasure Coast as a result of the toxic algal bloom in the St. Lucie Estuary which was responsible for millions of dollars of lost income for local businesses: this reaffirmed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) finding that the lakes water quality was a State issue. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and Martin County had carried out toxicity testing on the algae, but had not funded any work to clean up the water, and a FEMA spokesman said that "The state has robust capability to respond to emergencies and disasters."</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 2017, the South Florida Water Management District was granted emergency permission to back pump clean water into Lake Okeechobee to save animals and plants in bloated water conservation areas."</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee sits in a shallow geological trough that also underlies the Kissimmee River Valley and the Everglades. The trough is underlain by clay deposits that compacted more than the limestone and sand deposits did along both coasts of peninsular Florida. Until about 6,000 years ago, the trough was dry land. As the sea level rose, the water table in Florida also rose and rainfall increased. From 6,000 to 4,000 years ago, wetlands formed building up peat deposits. Eventually the water flow into the area created a lake, drowning the wetlands. Along what is now the southern edge of the lake, the wetlands built up the layers of peat rapidly enough (reaching 4 to 4.3 m thick) to form a dam, until the lake overflowed into the Everglades. At its capacity, the lake holds 1 e12USgal of water and is the headwaters of the Everglades.</p><br>
<p>The floor of the lake is a limestone basin, with a maximum depth of 4 m. Its water is somewhat murky from runoff from surrounding farmlands. The Army Corps of Engineers targets keeping the surface of the lake between 12.5 and above sea level. The lake is enclosed by a 40 ft high Herbert Hoover Dike built by the USA Army Corps of Engineers after a hurricane in 1928 breached the old dike, flooding surrounding communities and claiming at least 2,500 lives. Water flows into Lake Okeechobee from several sources, including the Kissimmee River, Fisheating Creek, Lake Istokpoga, Taylor Creek, and smaller sources such as Nubbin Slough and Nicodemus Slough. The Kissimmee River is the largest source, providing more than 60% of the water flowing into Lake Okeechobee. Fisheating Creek is the second largest source for the lake, with about 9% of the total inflow. Prior to the 20th century, Lake Istokpoga was connected to the Kissimee River by Istokpoga Creek, but during the rainy season Lake Istokpoga overflowed, with the water flowing in a 40 km wide sheet across the Indian Prairie into Lake Okeechobee. Today Lake Istokpoga drains into Lake Okeechobee through several canals that drain the Indian Prairie, and into the Kissimmee River through a canal that has replaced Istokpoga Creek. Historically, outflow from the lake was by sheet flow over the Everglades, but most of the outflow has been diverted to dredged canals connecting to coastal rivers, such as the Miami Canal to the Miami River, the New River on the east, and the Caloosahatchee River (via the Caloosahatchee Canal and Lake Hicpochee) on the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<h3>Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee</h3><br>
<p>According to the USA Army Corps of Engineers, the Congressionally authorized uses for Lake Okeechobee include the following:</p><br>
<p>Flood and storm risk management</p><br>
<p>Navigation</p><br>
<p>Water supply for the following:</p><br>
<p>Salinity control in estuaries</p><br>
<p>Regional groundwater control</p><br>
<p>Agricultural irrigation</p><br>
<p>Municipalities and industry</p><br>
<p>Enhancement of fish and wildlife</p><br>
<p>Recreation</p><br>
<h3>National Scenic Trail</h3><br>
<p>The 100 ft wide dike surrounding Lake Okeechobee is the basis for the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail (LOST), a part of the Florida National Scenic Trail, a 1,300 mi trail that is a National Scenic Trail. There is a well-maintained paved pathway along the majority of the perimeter, although with significant breaks. It is used by hikers and bicyclists, and is wide enough to accommodate vehicles.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>The most common fish in this lake are largemouth bass, crappie, and bluegill. Pickerel have been less commonly caught.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are featured as a backdrop for the 1951 Gary Cooper film, Distant Drums.</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a climactic scene in Carl Hiaasen&#39;s 2002 novel Basket Case (Ch. 28).</p><br>
<p>Used in the John Anderson song "Seminole Wind" Lyric: "And blow, blow from the Okeechobee, All the way up to Micanopy"</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee is the setting of a significant part of Zora Neale Hurston&#39;s novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, and the movie of the same name. Janie and Tea Cake go there to work "on the muck." Hurston refers to the lake as "Big Lake Okechobee, big beans, big cane, big weeds, big everything". The description speaks to the migrant African American laborers working in this area during the agricultural season in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades are settings in Patrick D. Smith&#39;s novel A Land Remembered, chronicling the effects of modernization upon the lake and the Seminole tribe.</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee is famously mentioned in Hank Williams Jr.s number one Billboard country hit song "Dixie on My Mind", when comparing country life to big city life: "Ive always heard lots about the big apple / So I thought Id come up here and see. / But all Ive seen so far is one big hassle / wish I was camped out on the Okeechobee&#39;".</p><br>
<p>Lake Okeechobee is featured in the first episode of American Horror Story: Freak Show.</p><br>
<h3>PBS Video</h3><br>
<p>In 2007, PBSs Earth Edition produced a 27-minute video titled Lake Okeechobee: Big Water, Big Trouble. Earth Editions description of the video follows: During the past 125 years, a series of well-intentioned decisions, actions and policies have turned what should have been one of Florida&#39;s greatest natural treasures into an environmental villain. Six thousand years later after it was formed, residents and agencies across the state are now raising the questions: Is it too late for Lake O?</p><br>
